Editing Munich (section)

===Origin of medieval town===

[[File:Stadtansicht 1572.jpg|thumb|left|Munich in the 16th century]]
[[File:Muenchen merian.jpg|thumb|left|Plan of Munich in 1642]]
The first medieval bridges across the river Isar were located in current city areas of Munich and [[Landshut]].<ref name="Bernan Associates UNESCO"/> The Duke of Saxony and Bavaria [[Henry the Lion]] founded the town of Munich in his territory to control the [[salt trade]], after having burned down the town of Föhring and its bridges over the Isar.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Don't Call It Sprawl: Metropolitan Structure in the 21st Century |author1= William T. Bogart  |publisher= Cambridge University Press | year=2006| isbn= 9781139458719| page=161}}</ref> Historians date this event at about 1158.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth |author1=  John Freed  |publisher= Yale University Press | year=2016| isbn= 9780300221169| page=167}}</ref> The layout of Munich city, with five city gates and market place, resembled that of [[Höxter]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth |author1=  John Freed  |publisher= Yale University Press | year=2016| isbn= 9780300221169| page=168}}</ref>

Henry built a new toll bridge, customs house and a coin market closer to his home somewhat upstream at a settlement around the area of modern old town Munich. This new toll bridge most likely crossed the Isar where the Museuminsel and the modern Ludwigsbrücke is now located.<ref>Peter Klimesch: Münchner Isarinseln – Geschichte, Gegenwart und Zukunft. (Zum nördlichen Teil der Museumsinsel mit dem Vater-Rhein-Brunnen.) In: Ralf Sartori (Hrsg.): Die neue Isar, Band 4. München 2012. {{ISBN|978-3-86520-447-9}}.</ref>

[[Otto of Freising]] protested to his nephew, [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Frederick Barbarosa]] (d. 1190). However, on 14 June 1158, in [[Augsburg]], the conflict was settled in favor of Duke Henry. The ''[[Augsburg Arbitration]]'' mentions the name of the location in dispute as ''forum apud Munichen''. Although Bishop Otto had lost his bridge, the arbiters ordered Duke Henry to pay a third of his income to the Bishop in Freising as compensation.<ref>Wolf-Armin Freiherr von Reitzenstein (2006), "München", Lexikon bayerischer Ortsnamen. Herkunft und Bedeutung. Oberbayern, Niederbayern, Oberpfalz (in German), München: C. H. Beck, p. 171, {{ISBN|978-3-406-55206-9}}
</ref><ref>Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch. Hrsg. von Manfred Niemeyer. De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2012, S. 420.
</ref><ref>Fritz Lutz: Oberföhring. Zur 75-Jahrfeier der Eingemeindung Oberföhrings. Buchendorf: Buchendorfer Verlag 1988.</ref>

The 14th June 1158 is considered the official founding day of the city of Munich. Archaeological excavations at Marienhof Square (near [[Marienplatz]]) in advance of the expansion of the S-Bahn (subway) in 2012 discovered shards of vessels from the 11th century, which prove again that the settlement of Munich must be older than the Augsburg Arbitration of 1158.<ref>Archaeological Showcase at the Münchner Stadtmuseum: Discoveries from the Marienhof excavations (2011/2012). 7 November 2021.</ref><ref>Ausgrabungen und Dokumentation – Vergangenheit aus dem Boden. Zweite Stammstrecke München. Deutsche Bahn Website, 5 May 2021</ref> The old [[St. Peter's Church, Munich|St. Peter's Church]] near Marienplatz is also believed to predate the founding date of the town.<ref>Christian Behrer: Das Unterirdische München. Stadtkernarchäologie in der bayerischen Landeshauptstadt. Buchendorfer Verlag, München 2001, {{ISBN|3-934036-40-6}}, Kap. 4.2.1: St. Peter, S. 61–83.</ref>

In 1175, Munich received city status and fortification. In 1180, after Henry the Lion's fall from grace with Emperor Frederick Barbarosa, including his trial and exile, [[Otto I of Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria|Otto I Wittelsbach]] became Duke of Bavaria, and Munich was handed to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising|Bishop of Freising]]. In 1240, Munich was transferred to [[Otto II Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria|Otto II Wittelsbach]] and in 1255, when the [[Duchy of Bavaria]] was split in two, Munich became the ducal residence of [[Upper Bavaria]].

Duke [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV]], a native of Munich, was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in 1328. He strengthened the city's position by granting it the salt monopoly, thus assuring it of additional income.

On 13 February 1327, a large fire broke out in Munich that lasted two days and destroyed about a third of the town.<ref>Bayerischer Architekten- und Ingenieurverein (Hrsg.): München und seine Bauten. BoD – Books on Demand, 2012, S. 48/49</ref>

In 1349, the [[Black Death]] ravaged Munich and Bavaria.<ref>Wie die Pest die Münchner dahinraffte – Süddeutsche Zeitung (12. Dezember 2018), 13 December 2018</ref>

The growth of Munich was supplemented by its location on top of a gravel bed, where the Isar branched into [[Munich City Streams]], which in turn provided power for many mills and industries within Munich.

In the 15th century, Munich underwent a revival of [[Gothic art]]s: the Old Town Hall was enlarged, and Munich's largest [[gothic architecture|Gothic]] church – the [[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]] – now a cathedral, was constructed in only 20 years, starting in 1468.