Editing Mumbai (section)

=== Independent India ===
{{Main|History of Bombay in Independent India}}
[[File:Victoria Terminus, Bombay in 1950.jpg|thumb|[[Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai]] in 1950 (Victoria Terminus partly visible on far right)]]
After India's independence in 1947, the territory of the [[Bombay Presidency]] retained by India was restructured into [[Bombay State]]. The area of [[Bombay State]] increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into the state. Subsequently, the city became the capital of Bombay State.<ref>{{Harvnb|Census of India|1961|p=23|Ref=cent}}</ref> In April 1950, Municipal limits of Mumbai were expanded by merging the [[Mumbai suburban district|Mumbai Suburban District]] and [[Mumbai city district|Mumbai City]] to form the Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/administrative_setup.htm |title=Administration |access-date=6 November 2008 |publisher=[[Mumbai Suburban District]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121000427/http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/administrative_setup.htm |archive-date=21 November 2008}}</ref>

The [[Samyukta Maharashtra movement]] to create a separate Maharashtra state including Mumbai was at its height in the 1950s. In the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'' discussions in 1955, the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] demanded that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state.<ref>{{cite web |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050514003803/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm |archive-date=14 May 2005 |title=The battle for Bombay |date=13 April 2003 |access-date= 12 November 2008 |website=The Hindu |location=India |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[States Reorganisation Act|States Reorganisation]] Committee recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra–[[Gujarat]] with Mumbai as its capital in its 1955 report. [[Bombay Citizens' Committee]], an advocacy group of leading [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] industrialists lobbied for Mumbai's independent status.<ref>{{Harvnb|Guha|2007|pp=197–8}}</ref>

Following protests during the movement in which 105 people died in clashes with the police, [[Bombay State]] was reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sons-of-soil-born-reborn/269628/ |title=Sons of soil: born, reborn |date=6 February 2008 |work=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514103258/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sons-of-soil-born-reborn/269628/ |archive-date=14 May 2014}} Retrieved on 12 November 2008.</ref> [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-speaking areas of [[Bombay State]] were partitioned into the state of Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_gujurat.php |title=Gujarat |access-date=16 January 2008 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115083238/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_gujurat.php |archive-date=15 January 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Maharashtra State with Mumbai as its capital was formed with the merger of [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking areas of [[Bombay State]], eight districts from [[Central Provinces and Berar]], five districts from [[Hyderabad State]], and numerous princely states enclosed between them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_maharashtra.php |title=Maharashtra |access-date=16 January 2008 |publisher=Government of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105100324/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_maharashtra.php |archive-date=5 January 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> As a memorial to the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, Flora Fountain was renamed as ''[[Hutatma Chowk]]'' (Martyr's Square) and a memorial was erected.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |title=BMC will give jobs to kin of Samyukta Maharashtra martyrs |first=Geeta |last=Desai |access-date=16 November 2008 |date=13 May 2008 |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816124148/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |archive-date=16 August 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Hutatma Chowk.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Hutatma Chowk]] memorial, built to honour the martyrs of the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti|Samyukta Maharashtra movement]] ([[Flora Fountain]] on its left in the background)|alt=A stone statue of torch-bearers as seen at night. A fountain with a white base is in the background]]

The following decades saw massive expansion of the city and its suburbs. In the late 1960s, [[Nariman Point]] and [[Cuffe Parade]] were reclaimed and developed.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=306}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (BMRDA) was established on 26 January 1975 by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the [[Mumbai metropolitan area|Mumbai metropolitan region]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307224202/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm |archive-date=7 March 2009 |title=About Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) |access-date=13 November 2008 |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> In August 1979, a sister township of [[New Bombay|New Mumbai]] was founded by the [[City and Industrial Development Corporation]] (CIDCO) across the [[Thane district|Thane]] and [[Raigad district]]s to help the dispersal and control of Mumbai's population. The textile industry in Mumbai largely disappeared after the widespread 1982 [[Great Bombay Textile Strike]], in which nearly 250,000 workers in more than 50 textile mills went on strike.<ref name="a">{{Cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/18sld2.htm |title=The Great Mumbai Textile Strike... 25 Years On |date=18 January 2007 |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] India Limited |access-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531192635/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/18sld2.htm |archive-date=31 May 2010}}</ref> Mumbai's defunct cotton mills have since become the focus of [[Redevelopment of Mumbai mills|intense redevelopment]].<ref name="skylimit">{{cite news |title=From mills to malls, the sky is the limit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/From-mills-to-malls-the-sky-is-the-limit/articleshow/298196.cms |first=Nazer |last=Bharucha |date=24 November 2003 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709080439/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/From-mills-to-malls-the-sky-is-the-limit/articleshow/298196.cms |archive-date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="revisitmills">{{cite news |title=Maharashtra may revisit redevelopment of textile mill land |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/maharashtra-may-revisit-redevelopment-of-textile-mill-land-112081100041_1.html |first=Sanjay |last=Jog |date=11 August 2012 |work=The Economic Times |location=Mumbai |access-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706134722/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/maharashtra-may-revisit-redevelopment-of-textile-mill-land-112081100041_1.html |archive-date=6 July 2015}}</ref> Industrial development began in Mumbai when its economy started focusing on the petrochemical, electronic, and automotive sectors. In 1954 [[Hindustan Petroleum]] commissioned [[Mumbai Refinery (HPCL)|Mumbai Refinery]] at [[Trombay]] and [[Mumbai Refinery (BPCL)|BPCL Refinery]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Map of Refineries in India |url=https://www.ppac.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/Refineries_Map_01_04_2020.pdf |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030003819/https://www.ppac.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/Refineries_Map_01_04_2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]], which handles 55–60% of India's containerised cargo, was commissioned on 26 May 1989 across the creek at [[Nhava Sheva]] with a view to de-congest [[Mumbai Harbour]] and to serve as a hub port for the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jawaharcustoms.gov.in/jnch/others/profile.htm |title=Profile of Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House (Nhava Sheva) |access-date=13 November 2008 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226073604/http://www.jawaharcustoms.gov.in/jnch/others/profile.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008}}</ref> The geographical limits of Greater Mumbai were coextensive with municipal limits of Greater Mumbai. On 1 October 1990, the Greater Mumbai district was bifurcated to form two revenue districts namely, [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]] and [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]], though they continued to be administered by same Municipal Administration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/profile.htm |title=Profile |publisher=[[Mumbai Suburban District]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202060333/http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/profile.htm |archive-date=2 December 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014}}</ref>

The years from 1990 to 2010 saw an increase in violence and terrorism activities. Following the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]] in [[Ayodhya]], the city was rocked by the [[Bombay riots|Hindu-Muslim riots of 1992–93]] in which more than 1,000&nbsp;people were killed. In March 1993, [[1993 Bombay bombings|a series of 13 coordinated bombings]] at several city landmarks by [[Islamic extremism|Islamic extremists]] and the [[Mumbai underworld#Mumbai underworld|Mumbai underworld]] resulted in 257 deaths and over 700 injuries.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm |title=1993: Bombay hit by devastating bombs |access-date=12 November 2008 |date=12 March 1993 |publisher=BBC News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211202614/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm |archive-date=11 December 2008}}</ref> In 2006, 209 people were killed and over 700 injured when [[2006 Mumbai train bombings|seven bombs exploded]] on the city's [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|commuter trains]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/south_asia/2006/mumbai_train_attacks/default.stm |title=Special Report: Mumbai Train Attacks |date=30 September 2006 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=13 August 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810041902/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/south_asia/2006/mumbai_train_attacks/default.stm |archive-date=10 August 2008}}</ref> In 2008, a series of [[2008 Mumbai attacks|ten coordinated attacks]] by armed terrorists for three days resulted in 173 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to several heritage landmarks and prestigious hotels.<ref name="Casualties">{{cite press release |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=45446 |publisher=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |date=11 December 2008 |title=HM announces measures to enhance security |access-date=14 December 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221205459/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=45446 |archive-date=21 February 2011}}</ref> The three coordinated [[2011 Mumbai bombings|bomb explosions in July 2011]] that occurred at the [[Opera house]], [[Zaveri Bazaar]] and [[Dadar]] were the latest in the series of terrorist attacks in Mumbai which resulted in 26 deaths and 130 injuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai blasts: Death toll rises to 26 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai-blasts-Death-toll-rises-to-26/Article1-727292.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905103034/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai-blasts-Death-toll-rises-to-26/Article1-727292.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 September 2012 |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="13 July Mumbai bombings">{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-bomb-blasts-in-mumbai-18-dead-over-130-injured-119083?curl=1420282309 |title=Three bomb blasts in Mumbai, 18 dead, over 130 injured |access-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109003829/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-bomb-blasts-in-mumbai-18-dead-over-130-injured-119083?curl=1420282309 |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref>

Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and has evolved into a global financial hub.<ref name="Mumbai global" /> For several decades it has been the home of India's main financial services companies, and a focus for both infrastructure development and private investment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shaw |first=Annapurna |title=Emerging Patterns of Urban Growth in India |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=34 |issue=16/17 |pages=969–978 |year=1999 |jstor=4407880}}</ref> From being an ancient fishing community and a colonial centre of trade, Mumbai has become South Asia's largest city and home of the world's most prolific film industry.<ref>{{harvnb|Brunn|Williams|Zeigler|2003|pages=353–354|Ref=bru}}</ref>