Editing Moscow (section)

===Tsardom (1547–1721)===
{{Further|Tsardom of Russia}}
[[File:Moscow StBasilCathedral d28.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Saint Basil's Cathedral]], built in 1561]]
[[File:Mikhail Feodorovich Izbranie.jpg|upright=.8|thumb|The election of [[Michael I of Russia|Michael&nbsp;I]] as tsar in 1613]]
[[File:Kremlenagrad.jpg|upright=.8|thumb|The [[Kremlin]] during the reign of [[Alexis of Russia]], 1663]]

In 1547, [[Ivan the Terrible]] was [[Coronation of the Russian monarch|crowned]] in Moscow as not only the grand prince, but also the first [[tsar of all Russia]].{{sfn|Bushkovitch|2011|p=48}} In the 16th and 17th centuries, three circular defenses were built: [[Kitay-gorod]], the White City and the Earthen City. However, in 1547, fires destroyed much of the town, and in 1571 the [[Crimean Tatars]] [[Russo-Crimean Wars|captured Moscow]], burning everything except the Kremlin.<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA260 The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122224602/https://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA260&dq&hl=en |date=November 22, 2022 }}''". John F. Richards (2006). [[University of California Press]]. p. 260. {{ISBN|0-520-24678-0 }}</ref> The annals record that only 30,000 of 200,000 inhabitants survived.

The [[Khanate of Crimea|Crimean Tatars]] attacked again in 1591, but were held back by new walls, built between 1584 and 1591 by a craftsman named [[Fyodor Kon]]. In 1592, an outer earth rampart with 50 towers was erected around the city, including an area on the right bank of the Moscow River. As an outermost line of defense, a chain of strongly fortified monasteries was established beyond the ramparts to the south and east, principally the [[Novodevichy Convent]] and [[Donskoy Monastery|Donskoy]], [[Danilov Monastery|Danilov]], [[Simonov Monastery|Simonov]], [[Novospassky Monastery|Novospasskiy]], and [[Andronikov Monastery|Andronikov]] monasteries, most of which now house museums. From its ramparts, the city became poetically known as ''Bielokamennaya'', the "White-Walled". The city's limits as marked by the ramparts, are now marked by the [[Garden Ring]]. Three square gates existed on the east side of the Kremlin wall, which in the 17th century, were known as Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (after the icons of Constantine and Helen, the Saviour and St. Nicholas that hung over them). The last two were directly opposite the Red Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

The [[Russian famine of 1601–1603]] killed perhaps 100,000 in Moscow. Between 1610 and 1612, troops of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] occupied Moscow, as its ruler [[Sigismund III Vasa|Sigismund III]] tried to [[Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)|take the Russian throne]]. In 1612, [[Nizhny Novgorod]] and other Russian cities led by prince [[Dmitry Pozharsky]] and [[Kuzma Minin]] rose against the Polish occupants, [[Time of Troubles|besieged the Kremlin, and expelled them]]. In 1613, the [[Zemsky Sobor]] elected [[Michael I of Russia|Michael Romanov]] aa tsar, establishing the [[Romanov dynasty]]. The 17th century saw several risings, such as the liberation of Moscow from the Polish–Lithuanian invaders (1612), the [[Salt Riot]] (1648), the [[Copper Riot]] (1662), and the [[Moscow uprising of 1682]].

During the first half of the 17th century, the population doubled from 100,000 to 200,000, and it expanded beyond its ramparts in the latter part of the century. In the middle of the 17th century, 20% of Moscow suburb's inhabitants were from the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], being driven from their homeland by the Muscovite invaders.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Абецедарский |first=Л. С. |title=Белоруссия и Россия |year=1978 |location=Москва |pages=213 |language=ru }}</ref> By 1682, there were 692 households established north of the ramparts, by [[Ukrainians]] and [[Belarusians]] abducted from their hometowns in the course of the [[Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)|Russo-Polish War]] of 1654–1667. These new outskirts became known as the ''Meshchanskaya [[sloboda (settlement)|sloboda]]'', after Ruthenian ''meshchane'' "town people". The term ''meshchane'' acquired pejorative connotations in 18th-century Russia and today means "petty bourgeois" or "narrow-minded philistine".<ref>П.В.Сытин, "Из истории московских улиц", М, 1948, p. 296.</ref> The entire city of the late 17th century are contained within what is today Moscow's [[Central Administrative Okrug]].

Numerous disasters befell the city. The [[Black Death|plague]] epidemics ravaged Moscow in 1570–1571, 1592 and 1654–1656.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=IcljzNyv4EgC&pg=PA17 Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122224545/https://books.google.com/books?id=IcljzNyv4EgC&pg=PA17&dq&hl=en |date=22 November 2022 }}''. John T. Alexander (2002). [[Oxford University Press US]]. p. 17. {{ISBN|0-19-515818-0 }}</ref> The plague killed upwards of 80% of the people in 1654–55. Fires burned out much of the wooden city in 1626 and 1648.<ref>M.S. Anderson, ''Peter the Great'' (1978) p. 13</ref> In 1712, [[Peter the Great]] moved his government to the newly built [[Saint Petersburg]] on the Baltic coast.