Editing Moors (section)

==Moors of Iberia==
{{Further|Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Al-Andalus}}
[[File:Moorish ceiling at the Sala de los Reyes, Alhambra.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|This is a large mural located on the ceiling of the Hall of Kings of the [[Alhambra]] which depicts the first ten sultans of the Nasrid dynasty. It is a late-14th-century Gothic painting by a Christian Toledan artist.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.alhambradegranada.org/es/info/palaciosnazaries/saladelosreyes.asp|title=Sala de los Reyes|website=alhambradegranada.org}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.alhambra-patronato.es/index.php/Sala-de-los-Reyes/162/0/|title=SALA DE LOS REYES|author=Board of the Alhambra}}</ref>]]
[[File:MoorsinIberia.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the Moors in Iberia, from [[Cantigas de Santa Maria|The Cantigas de Santa Maria]]]]
In 711 the Islamic Arabs and Moors of Berber descent in [[North Africa|northern Africa]] crossed the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] onto the [[Iberian Peninsula]], and in a series of raids they conquered [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] Christian [[Hispania]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Fletcher|first=Richard A.|author-link=Richard A. Fletcher|title=Moorish Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wrMG-LfuU7oC|year=2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24840-3|page= 1}}</ref> Their general, [[Tariq ibn Ziyad]], brought most of Iberia under Islamic rule in an eight-year campaign. They continued northeast across the [[Pyrenees]] Mountains but were defeated by the [[Franks]] under [[Charles Martel]] at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Blakemore|first=Erin|title=Who were the Moors?|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/reference/people/who-were-moors/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200618001119/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/reference/people/who-were-moors/|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 18, 2020|access-date=2020-10-30|website=National Geographic|date=12 December 2019}}</ref>

The Maghreb fell into a [[civil war]] in 739 that lasted until 743 known as the [[Berber Revolt]]. The Berbers revolted against the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]], putting an end to Eastern dominion over the Maghreb. Despite racial tensions, Arabs and Berbers intermarried frequently. A few years later, the Eastern branch of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad dynasty]] was dethroned by the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]] and the Umayyad Caliphate overthrown in the [[Abbasid Revolution|Abbasid revolution (746–750)]]. [[Abd al-Rahman I]], who was of [[Arab-Berber]] lineage, managed to evade the Abbasids and flee to the Maghreb and then Iberia, where he founded the [[Emirate of Córdoba]] and the [[Andalusians|Andalusian]] branch of the Umayyad dynasty. The Moors ruled northern Africa and Al-Andalus for several centuries thereafter.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard A. Fletcher|title=Moorish Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wrMG-LfuU7oC|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|page=20|author-link=Richard A. Fletcher|isbn=9780520248403|date=2006-05-05}}</ref> [[Ibn Hazm]], the polymath, mentions that many of the Caliphs in the Umayyad Caliphate and the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] were blond and had light eyes.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Legacy of Muslim Spain|author=Salma Khadra Jayyusi, Manuela Marín|pages=125, 365, and 463|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|date=April 14, 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbfORLWv1HkC|isbn=978-9004095991}}</ref> Ibn Hazm mentions that he preferred blondes, and notes that there was much interest in blondes in al-Andalus amongst the rulers and regular Muslims:
{{blockquote|All the Caliphs of the Banu Marwan (God have mercy on their souls!), and especially the sons of [[Abd-ar-Rahman III|al-Nasir]], were without variation or exception disposed by nature to prefer blondes. I have myself seen them, and known others who had seen their forebears, from the days of al-Nasir's reign down to the present day; every one of them has been fair-haired, taking after their mothers, so that this has become a hereditary trait with them; all but Sulaiman al-Zafir (God have mercy on him!), whom I remember to have had black ringlets and a black beard. As for [[Abd-ar-Rahman III|al-Nasir]] and [[Al-Hakam II|al-Hakam al-Mustansir]] (may God be pleased with them!), I have been informed by my late father, the vizier, as well as by others, that both of them were blond and blue-eyed. The same is true of [[Hisham II|Hisham al-Mu'aiyad]], Muhammad al-Mahdi, and `Abd al-Rahman al-Murtada (may God be merciful to them all!); I saw them myself many times, and had the honour of being received by them, and I remarked that they all had fair hair and blue eyes.<ref>Ibn Hazm, طوق الحمامة</ref>}}

[[File:Cantigas battle.jpg|thumb|Moorish army (right) of [[Almanzor]] during the Reconquista [[Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz (917)|Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz]], from ''Cantigas de Alfonso X el Sabio'']]
The languages spoken in the parts of the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim rule were [[Andalusian Arabic]] and [[Andalusi Romance|Mozarabic]]; they became extinct after the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]], but [[Arabic language influence on the Spanish language]] can still be found today. The Muslims were resisted in parts of the Iberian Peninsula in areas of the northwest (such as [[Asturias]], where they were defeated at the battle of [[Covadonga]]) and the largely [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]] in the [[Pyrenees]]. Though the number of Moorish colonists was small, many [[muwallad|native Iberian inhabitants converted to Islam]]. By 1000, according to [[Ronald Segal]], some 5,000,000 of Iberia's 7,000,000 inhabitants, most of them descended from indigenous Iberian converts, were Muslim. There were also [[black people|Sub-Saharan Africans]] who had been absorbed into al-Andalus to be used as soldiers and [[Muslim slave trade|slaves]]. The Berber and Sub-Saharan African soldiers were known as "tangerines" because they were imported through [[Tangier]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard A. Fletcher|title=Moorish Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wrMG-LfuU7oC|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|page=61|author-link=Richard A. Fletcher|isbn=9780520248403|date=2006-05-05}}</ref><ref>Ronald Segal, ''Islam's Black Slaves'' (2003), Atlantic Books, {{ISBN|1-903809-81-9}}</ref>

The Caliphate of Córdoba collapsed in 1031 and the Islamic territory in Iberia fell under the rule of the [[Almohad Caliphate]] in 1153. This second stage was guided by a version of Islam that left behind the more tolerant practices of the past.<ref>[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=412&letter=G&search=Granada Granada] by Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling, ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''. 1906 ed.</ref>  Al-Andalus broke up into a number of [[taifa]]s (fiefs), which were partly consolidated under the Caliphate of Córdoba.

[[File:Jaume I, Cantigas de Santa Maria, s.XIII.jpg|thumb|left|The Moors request permission from [[James I of Aragón]]]]
[[File:MoorandChristianBattle.png|thumb|left|Moorish and Christian Reconquista battle, taken from ''The Cantigas de Santa María'']]
The [[Kingdom of Asturias]], a small northwestern Christian Iberian kingdom, initiated the ''[[Reconquista]]'' ("Reconquest") soon after the Islamic conquest in the 8th century. Christian states based in the north and west slowly extended their power over the rest of Iberia. The [[Kingdom of Navarre]], the [[Kingdom of Galicia]], the [[Kingdom of León]], the [[Kingdom of Portugal]], the [[Kingdom of Aragon]], the ''[[Marca Hispánica]]'', and the [[Crown of Castile]] began a process of expansion and internal consolidation during the next several centuries under the flag of Reconquista. In 1212, a coalition of Christian kings under the leadership of [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]] drove the Muslims from Central Iberia. The Portuguese side of the Reconquista ended in 1249 with the conquest of the [[Algarve]] ({{langx|ar|الغرب}} – [[Gharb Al-Andalus|''al-Gharb'']]) under [[Afonso III of Portugal|Afonso III]]. He was the first Portuguese monarch to claim the title "[[List of Portuguese monarchs|King of Portugal and the Algarve]]".

The Moorish [[Kingdom of Granada]] continued for three more centuries in southern Iberia. On 2 January 1492, the leader of the last Muslim stronghold in [[Granada]] surrendered to the armies of a recently united Christian Spain (after the marriage of [[Ferdinand II of Aragón]] and [[Isabella I of Castile]], the "[[Catholic Monarchs]]"). The Moorish inhabitants received no military aid or rescue from other Muslim nations.<ref name="Maalouf">{{cite book|last1=Maalouf|first1=Amin|title=Leo Africanus|date=1992|publisher=New Amsterdam Books|location=Lanham, MD|isbn=1-56131-022-0|page=45|edition=first}}</ref> The remaining Jews were also forced to leave Spain, convert to Roman Catholic Christianity, or be killed for refusing to do so. In 1480, to exert social and religious control, Isabella and Ferdinand agreed to allow the [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition in Spain]]. The Muslim population of Granada [[Morisco rebellions in Granada|rebelled in 1499]]. The revolt lasted until early 1501, giving the Castilian authorities an excuse to void the terms of the [[Treaty of Granada (1491)]]. In 1501, Castilian authorities delivered an ultimatum to the Muslims of Granada: they could either convert to Christianity or be expelled.

[[File:Alhambra Dec 2004 5.jpg|thumb|Court of the lions in the [[Alhambra]], a Moorish palace built in the 14th century in Granada, Spain]]
The Inquisition was aimed mostly at Jews and Muslims who had overtly converted to Christianity but were thought to be practicing their faiths secretly. They were respectively called ''[[marrano]]s'' and ''moriscos''. However, in 1567 King [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] directed Moriscos to give up their Arabic names and traditional dress, and prohibited the use of [[Arabic]]. In reaction, there was a [[Morisco rebellions in Granada|Morisco uprising]] in the [[Alpujarras]] from 1568 to 1571. In the years from 1609 to 1614, the government expelled Moriscos. The historian Henri Lapeyre estimated that this affected 300,000 out of an estimated total of 8&nbsp;million inhabitants.<ref>See ''History of [[Al-Andalus]]''.</ref>

Some Muslims converted to Christianity and remained permanently in Iberia. This is indicated by a "high mean proportion of ancestry from North African (10.6%)" that "attests to a high level of religious conversion (whether voluntary or enforced), driven by historical episodes of social and religious intolerance, that ultimately led to the integration of descendants."<ref>[http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297%2808%2900592-2 Adams et al., "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula"], ''Cell'', 2008. Quote: "Admixture analysis based on binary and Y-STR haplotypes indicates a high mean proportion of ancestry from North African (10.6%) ranging from zero in Gascony to 21.7% in Northwest Castile."</ref><ref>[http://www.upf.edu/enoticies/home_upf_en/1206.html Elena Bosch, "The religious conversions of Jews and Muslims have had a profound impact on the population of the Iberian Peninsula"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521105207/http://www.upf.edu/enoticies/home_upf_en/1206.html |date=2009-05-21 }}, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008, Quote: "The study shows that religious conversions and the subsequent marriages between people of different lineage had a relevant impact on modern populations both in Spain, especially in the Balearic Islands, and in Portugal."</ref> According to historian [[Richard A. Fletcher]],<ref>Richard Fletcher. ''Moorish Spain'' p. 10. University of California Press, 1993. {{ISBN|978-0-520-08496-4}}</ref> "the number of Arabs who settled in Iberia was very small. 'Moorish' Iberia does at least have the merit of reminding us that the bulk of the invaders and settlers were Moors, i.e., Berbers from Algeria and Morocco."

In the meantime, Spanish and Portuguese [[Age of Discovery|expeditions]] westward from the [[New World]] spread Christianity to India, the [[Malay Peninsula]], [[Indonesia]], and the [[Philippines]]. By 1521, the ships of [[Ferdinand Magellan|Magellan]] had reached that island archipelago, which they named ''Las Islas Filipinas'', after [[Philip II of Spain]]. In [[Mindanao]], the Spaniards named the [[kris]]-bearing people as [[Moro people|Moros]] or 'Moors'. Today this ethnic group in Mindanao, who are generally Filipino Muslim, are called "Moros".

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File:Book of chess and dice, page 0044R. Arab Muslims in Spain.jpg|1283 A.D. Miniature from [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X]]'s Book of chess, dice and boards. Moors playing chess.
File:Book of chess, dice and boards, 0022R, Berbers playing chess.jpg|1283 A.D. Miniature from [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X]]'s Book of chess, dice and boards. African Muslims playing chess, with musician and serving women. Europeans loosely called the invading Muslims ''Moors'', over time blending the name for people of Arab and Berber ancestry as well as European Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|title=Race|author=John Randall Baker|page=[https://archive.org/details/race00bake/page/226 226]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|url=https://archive.org/details/race00bake|url-access=registration|quote=In one sense the word 'Moor' means Mohammedan Berbers and Arabs of North-western Africa, with some Syrians, who conquered most of Spain in the 8th century and dominated the country for hundreds of years.|year=1974|isbn=978-0-19-212954-3|author-link=John Baker (biologist)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Blackmore|first=Josiah|title=Moorings: Portuguese Expansion and the Writing of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRNFebS_mUIC|year=2009|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-4832-0|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iRNFebS_mUIC&pg=PR16 xvi], [https://books.google.com/books?id=iRNFebS_mUIC&pg=PA18 18]}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |title= LITERARY CARTOGRAPHIES OF SPAIN: MAPPING IDENTITY IN AFRICAN AMERICAN TRAVEL WRITING |last= Ramos |first= Maria Christina |date= 2011 | publisher= Graduate School of the University of Maryland |place= College Park, Maryland |page= 42 |url= http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/12049/1/Ramos_umd_0117E_12042.pdf |quote= Early in the history of al-Andalus, Moor signified "Berber" as a geographic and ethnic identity.  Later writing, however, from twelfth-and thirteenth-century Christian kingdoms, demonstrates the "transformation of Moor from a term signifying Berber into a general term referring primarily to Muslims (regardless of ethnicity) living in recently conquered Christian lands and secondarily to those residing in what was still left of al-Andalus."}}</ref>
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