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Mission San Diego de Alcalá
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==Mission industries== [[File:SD cattle brand.png|thumb|upright=0.4|The cattle brand used at Mission San Diego.<ref>Engelhardt 1920, p. 223. From the '"California Archives, State Papers, Missions, vol. vi, p. 180.</ref>]] The goal of the missions was, above all, to become self-sufficient in relatively short order. [[Farming]], therefore, was the most important industry of any mission. Before the establishment of the missions, the native peoples knew how to utilize bone, seashells, stone, and wood for building, tool making, weapons, and much more. The missionaries discovered that the Indians, who regarded labor as degrading to men, had to be taught industry to learn how to be self-supportive. The result was the establishment of a manual training school that comprised agriculture, the mechanical arts, and the raising and care of livestock. Everything consumed and otherwise utilized by the natives was produced at the missions under the supervision of the padres; thus, the neophytes not only supported themselves, but after 1811 sustained the entire military and civil government of California.<ref>Engelhardt 1922, p. 211</ref> [[Wheat]], [[maize|corn]], wine grapes, barley, beans, cattle, horses, and sheep were the major crops at San Diego. In 1795, construction on a system of [[aqueduct (watercourse)|aqueducts]] was begun to bring water to the fields and the Mission (the first irrigation project in Upper California).<ref name="Hall1888">{{cite book|last=Hall|first=William Hammond|title=Irrigation in California (Southern): The Field, Water-supply, and Works, Organization and Operation in San Diego, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles Counties|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tX8rAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA85|access-date=July 14, 2012|year=1888|publisher=California. Office of State Engineer|page=85}}</ref> The building manager was [[:es:Fray Pedro Panto|Fray Pedro Panto]], who was poisoned by his Indian cook ''Nazario'' before the project was completed.<ref name="Smythe1907">{{cite book|last=Smythe|first=William Ellsworth|title=History of San Diego, 1542–1907: An Account of the Rise and Progress of the Pioneer Settlement on the Pacific Coast of the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/historysandiego02smytgoog|access-date=July 14, 2012|year=1907|publisher=History Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/historysandiego02smytgoog/page/n85 77]}}</ref> In his testimony, in the trial that followed, Nazario stated that he had poisoned the friar due to constant beatings inflicted by Friar Panto.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Conjugal Violence, Sex, Sin, and Murder in the Mission Communities of Alta California|url = https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_the_history_of_sexuality/v016/16.3mccormack.html|journal = Journal of the History of Sexuality|date = January 1, 2007|issn = 1535-3605|pages = 391–415|volume = 16|issue = 3|doi = 10.1353/sex.2007.0070|first = Brian T.|last = McCormack|pmid = 19256092|s2cid = 36532399}}</ref> The Mission San Diego was primarily supported from lands included in a Spanish royal land grant, encompassing roughly the eastern third of the current City of San Diego, as well as most of the cities of La Mesa and Lemon Grove. While not exact, its boundaries are roughly [[Interstate 805]], Miramar Road, [[California State Route 125]], Skyline Drive, and Division Street. Boundary Street (which parallels [[Interstate 805]] in the neighborhood of North Park) lies directly on one portion of the boundary and draws its name from it.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} ===Wine=== {{see also|History of California wine}} The first vineyards planted in California were planted at the mission in 1769.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dailey |first=Keli |date=August 29, 2012 |title=Winery guide: San Diego County, uncorked |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/dining-and-drinking/sdut-winery-guide-san-diego-county-uncorked-2012aug29-htmlstory.html |work=San Diego Union-Tribune |access-date=September 19, 2017 |quote=Never mind that the original Golden State vines broke ground at Mission San Diego de Alcalá in 1769 and became Father Junipero Serra's Communion wine. }}<br />{{cite book|author1=Richard Vine|author2=Bruce Bordelon|author3=Ellen M. Harkness|author4=Theresa Browning|title=Winemaking: From Grape Growing to Marketplace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tv_lBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|date=June 29, 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4757-2656-5|page=10}}<br />{{cite magazine |last=Wycoff |first=Ann |date=September 23, 2016 |title=The Ultimate San Diego Wine Guide |url=http://www.sandiegomagazine.com/San-Diego-Magazine/October-2016/The-Ultimate-San-Diego-Wine-Guide/ |magazine=San Diego Magazine |access-date=September 21, 2017 }}</ref> Father Junípero Serra planted these initial vines.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jean L. Jacobson|title=Introduction to Wine Laboratory Practices and Procedures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAA8eGk6BS0C&pg=PA85|date=June 14, 2006|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-25120-2|pages=85}}<br />{{cite book|author=Ian S Hornsey|title=The Chemistry and Biology of Winemaking|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2msoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55|date=October 9, 2015|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=978-1-78262-631-2|page=55}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.winepros.org/wine101/grape_profiles/mission.htm |title=Mission |last=LaMar |first=Jim |date=August 25, 2002 |website=Professional Friends of Wine |access-date=September 21, 2017 |quote=More than a century later, Franciscan friar Junipero Serra first planted the Mission variety in California, at Mission San Diego, in 1769. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606082016/http://www.winepros.org/wine101/grape_profiles/mission.htm |archive-date=June 6, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The vines were of the [[Mission (grape)|Mission]] variety, which were brought to Mexico in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.calwineries.com/explore/varietals/mission |title=Mission |publisher=Calwineries Inc. |access-date=September 19, 2017 |quote=Spanish Missionaries first brought the grape to Mexico during the 16th century. The vines that Father Juniper Serra planted at Mission San Diego in 1769 probably descended from these original grapes. }}</ref> Unfortunately, the initial plantings did not survive, with [[Mission San Juan Capistrano]] having the first surviving plantings.<ref name="Sullivan1998">{{cite book|author=Charles L. Sullivan|title=A Companion to California Wine: An Encyclopedia of Wine and Winemaking from the Mission Period to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GhJJElLJn5cC&pg=PA218|date=October 1, 1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92087-3|page=218}}</ref> By at least 1781, wine was being produced at the mission.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Dwight Furrow|author2=Lynn Furrow|title=San Diego, Wine Country: A Tasting Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aalcDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT91|date=November 22, 2014|publisher=BookBaby|isbn=978-1-4835-4599-8|page=91}}</ref> One source claims that the vineyard on mission lands reached up to fifty thousand acres.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factcards.califa.org/mli/winery.html |title=The Winery |website=Social Studies Fact Cards |publisher=Toucan Valley Publications, Inc. |access-date=September 19, 2017 |quote=Several missions became known for their wine. Mission San Diego had 50,000 acres of land planted in grapevines. }}</ref> The mission vineyards were around until at least 1823.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Lynne Newell Christenson|author2=Ellen L. Sweet|title=Ranchos of San Diego County|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2CkmDC02FIC&pg=PA9|year=2008|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-5965-0|page=9}}</ref>
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