Editing Mindanao (section)

===Spanish colonization and Christianity===
{{See also|Spanish–Moro conflict}}
[[File:Christian Filipinos under Spanish army in Mindanao in their battle against the Moro Muslim, circa 1887.jpg|thumb|[[Christianity in the Philippines|Christian]] [[Filipinos]], who served under the Spanish Army, searching for [[Moro people|Moro]] rebels during the [[Spanish–Moro conflict]], c. 1887. The insurgency in Mindanao can be traced to the early 16th century.]]
[[File:Two Spanish missionaries baptise a Moro convert to Roman Catholic, circa 1890.jpg|thumb|Two Spanish missionaries [[baptism|baptizing]] a Moro convert to [[Catholicism]], circa 1890.]]
In 1521 Antonio Pigafetta wrote an account of reaching 'Maingdano.' He was with Magellan on the first circumnavigation of the globe and sailing for the king of Spain.<ref>Magellan's Voyage, Antonio Pigafetta. Chapter XXXIV</ref>

On February 2, 1543, [[Ruy López de Villalobos]] was the first Spaniard to reach Mindanao.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruy Lopez de Villalobos Begun His Expedition to the Philippines |url=https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/721/today-in-philippine-history-november-1-1542-ruy-lopez-de-villalobos-started-his-expedition-to-the-philippines |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705132421/https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/721/today-in-philippine-history-november-1-1542-ruy-lopez-de-villalobos-started-his-expedition-to-the-philippines |archive-date=July 5, 2017 |access-date=July 11, 2017 |website=The Kahimyang Project|date=November 2011 }}</ref> He called the island ''"Caesarea Caroli"'' after Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (and I of Spain). Shortly after Spain's colonization of Cebu, it moved on to colonize the [[Caraga]] region in northeast Mindanao and discovered significant Muslim presence on the island. Over time a number of tribes in Mindanao converted to Catholicism and built settlements and forts throughout the coastal regions. These settlements endured despite attacks from neighboring Muslim sultanates. The most heavily fortified of them, apart from a short period in 1662 when Spain sent soldiers from the city to Manila after a threat of invasion from the Chinese general [[Koxinga]], was [[Zamboanga City]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Zamboanga City History |url=https://www.zamboanga.com/history/history_zamboanga.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604104713/http://www.zamboanga.com/history/history_zamboanga.htm |archive-date=June 4, 2017 |access-date=July 11, 2017 |website=Zamboanga.com}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|certain=y|date=August 2020}} which was settled by soldiers from Peru and Mexico.<ref name="Peru">[http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm "SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE"] (Zamboanga City History)
"He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."</ref> The sultanates resisted Spanish pressure and attempts to convert them to Christianity during this period.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abubakar |first=Carmen A. |date=September 1, 2003 |title=Mindanao: A Miniature History |url=https://mondediplo.com/2003/09/05abubakar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930070806/https://mondediplo.com/2003/09/05abubakar |archive-date=September 30, 2020 |access-date=September 16, 2020 |website=[[Le Monde diplomatique]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[Sultanate of Ternate]] of the Maluku Islands formed a close alliance with the sultanates of Mindanao, especially [[Sultanate of Maguindanao|Maguindanao]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sordilla |first=Shane Patrick |title=Maguindanao and Ternate Connection and Disconnection During the Age of European Colonization: An Overview |url=https://www.academia.edu/38617032 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411182827/https://www.academia.edu/38617032/MAGUINDANAO_AND_TERNATE_CONNECTION_AND_DISCONNECTION_DURING_THE_AGE_OF_EUROPEAN_COLONIZATION_AN_OVERVIEW |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |access-date=April 11, 2021 |via=Academia.edu}}</ref> Ternate regularly sent military reinforcements to Mindanao to assist the local sultanates in their war against Spanish-controlled Manila.<ref name="GuerreroNakpil2003">{{Cite web |last=Nakpil |first=Carmen Guerrero |date=October 29, 2003 |title=Carmen Nakpil: Manila Under the Muslims |url=http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/ht/ht003845.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304015113/http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/ht/ht003845.htm |archive-date=March 4, 2009 |access-date=December 5, 2008 |website=Philippine Headline News Online}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2021}}

By the late 18th century Spain had geographic dominance over the island, having established settlements and forts in most of Mindanao, including [[Zamboanga City]] and [[Misamis Occidental]] to the northwest, [[Iligan|Iligan City]], [[Misamis Oriental]], [[Bukidnon]], and [[Camiguin#Spanish colonial era|Camiguin Island]] to the north, [[Surigao City|Surigao]] and Agusan in the [[Caraga#History|Caraga]] region to the east, and [[Davao City|Davao]] in the island's gulf coast. Spain continued to engage in battles with Muslim sultanates until the end of the 19th century.<ref name=":0" />

At the same time as the Philippine revolution against Spain, the [[Republic of Zamboanga]] rose as a revolutionary state in Mindanao before it was absorbed by the oncoming Americans.