Editing Mike Mansfield (section)

===Mansfield Amendments===
Two controversial amendments by Mansfield limiting military funding of research were passed by Congress.
*The Mansfield Amendment of 1969, passed as part of the fiscal year 1970 Military Authorization Act (Public Law 91-121), prohibited military funding of research that lacked a direct or apparent relationship to specific military function. Through subsequent modification the Mansfield amendment moved the Department of Defense toward the support of more short-term applied research in universities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Federally funded research, decisions for a decade|url=http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1991/9121/912104.PDF}} Office of Technology Assessment report. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Science of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, March 20, 1991.by the United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Subcommittee on Science. Pub: Washington: U.S. G.P.O.: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office, U.S. G.P.O., 1991. Chapter 2: The Value of Science and the Changing Research Economy, p. 61.</ref> The amendment affected the military, such as research funding by the Office of Naval Research (ONR).<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Reverberations from the Mansfield Amendment |journal=Analytical Chemistry|volume=42|issue=7|pages=689|doi=10.1021/ac60289a600|year=1970 |last1=Laitinen |first1=Herbert A. }}</ref>
*The Mansfield Amendment of 1973 expressly limited appropriations for defense research through the [[Advanced Research Projects Agency]], which is largely independent of the military, to projects with direct military application.<ref>{{cite web |title=DARPA History|url=http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/sociopol_DARPA01.htm}} See "Mansfield Amendment of 1973" about halfway down the page.</ref>  This controversial amendment greatly reduced ARPA funding for many university-based computer projects, thereby forcing many American [[computer science]] experts to move to private sector research facilities such as [[Xerox PARC]].  However, for that very reason, the amendment is also credited with giving birth to the contemporary computer technology industry.<ref name="Waks_Page_74">{{cite book |last1=Waks |first1=Leonard J. |author1-link=Leonard J. Waks |title=Education 2.0: The Learning Web Revolution and the Transformation of the School |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York |isbn=9781317260790 |page=74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HCzvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74}}</ref>

An earlier Mansfield Amendment, offered in 1971, called for the number of US troops stationed in Europe to be halved. On May 19, 1971, however, the Senate defeated the resolution 61–36.