Editing Michael Graves (section)

====Postmodernist====
[[File:HumanaBuilding1.jpg|thumb|[[Humana Building]] in [[Louisville, Kentucky]] in 1982]]
[[Image:NCAA Hall of Champions.JPG|thumb|[[NCAA Hall of Champions]] in [[Indianapolis]] in 1997]]
In the late 1970s, Graves shifted away from modernism to pursue [[Postmodernism]] and [[New Urbanism]] design for the remainder of his career. He began by sketching designs that had [[Cubism|Cubist]]-inspired elements and strong, saturated colors. Postmodernism allowed Graves to introduce his humanist vision of classicism, as well as his sense of irony and humor. His designs, notable for their "playful style" and "colorful facades," were a "radical departure" from his earlier work.<ref>Israel, p. 21.</ref> The Plocek Residence (1977), a private home in [[Warren Township, New Jersey]], was among the first of his designs in this new style.<ref name=GravesBio/>

Graves designed some of his most iconic buildings in the early 1980s, including the [[Portland Building]].<ref name=GravesBio/>  The fifteen-story Portland Municipal Services Building, his first major public commission, opened in 1982 in downtown [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref name=D-Portland>{{cite journal|author=Allan G. Brake| title =Postmodern architecture: the Portland Municipal Services Building, Oregon, by Michael Graves| journal = Dezeen | date =September 12, 2015 | url =https://www.dezeen.com/2015/09/12/postmodernism-architecture-portland-municipal-services-building-michael-graves/| access-date =August 23, 2017}}</ref>  The "monolithic cube" with decorated facades and colorful, oversized columns is "considered a seminal Postmodern work"<ref name=D-GravesDies>{{cite journal|author=Marcus Fairs | title =Michael Graves dies aged 80 | journal = Dezeen | date =March 12, 2015 |url =https://www.dezeen.com/2015/03/12/michael-graves-dies-aged-80/| access-date =August 23, 2017}}</ref> and one of Graves's best-known works of architecture. The celebrated but controversial municipal office also became an icon for the city of Portland and subject to an ongoing preservation debate.<ref name=D-Portland/><ref name="Hawthorne"/> Regarded as the first major built example of [[postmodern architecture]] in a tall office building, the Portland Building was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 2011.<ref name=trib-nov2011>{{cite news|title=Portland Building gets a place on national history list|date=November 17, 2011|newspaper=[[Portland Tribune]]|url= http://portlandtribune.com/component/content/article?id=15793|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114428/http://portlandtribune.com/component/content/article?id=15793|url-status= dead|archive-date= April 2, 2015|access-date=July 6, 2013}}</ref> Although it faced demolition in 2014, the city government decided to proceed with a renovation, estimated to cost $195 million.<ref name=D-Portland/><ref name="Hawthorne"/>

As a result of the notoriety he received from the Portland Building design, Graves was awarded other major commissions in the 1980s and 1990s. Notable buildings from this period include the [[Humana Building]] (1982) in [[Kentucky]] and the [[Newark Museum]] expansion (1982) in [[New Jersey]].<ref>Israel, p. 128; Iovine, p. 11.</ref> Some architecture critics, including Paul Goldberger of ''The New York Times'', consider the Humana Building, a skyscraper in [[Louisville, Kentucky]], one of Graves's finest building designs. ''TIME'' magazine also claimed it was a commercial icon for the city of Louisville and one of the best buildings of the 1980s.<ref name= obit/><ref name=D-Portland/> The San Juan Capistrano Library (1982) in [[California]], another project from this period, shows his interpretation of the [[Mission Revival architecture|Mission Revival style]].<ref>{{cite journal| author=Aaron Betsky | title =Beyond Buildings: Michael Graves's San Juan Capistrano Library, 30 Years Later | journal =Architect | publisher =American Institute of Architects | date =January 9, 2013| url = http://www.architectmagazine.com/design/michael-gravess-san-juan-capistrano-library-30-years-later_o| access-date =August 23, 2017}}</ref>

Graves and his firm also designed several buildings for the [[Walt Disney Company]] in the postmodern style. These include the [[Team Disney]] headquarters in [[Burbank, California]];<ref name="Hawthorne" /> the [[Walt Disney World Dolphin|Dolphin]] (1987) and [[Walt Disney World Swan|Swan]] (1988) resorts at [[Walt Disney World]] in [[Florida]]; and [[Disney's Hotel New York]] (1989) at [[Disneyland Paris]].<ref name=GravesBio/> Patrick Burke, the project architect for the two resort hotels in Florida, commented that the Walt Disney Company described Graves's designs as "entertainment architecture."<ref name=Howarth-WDW>{{cite journal| author= Dan Howarth | title = Postmodern Architecture: Walt Disney World Dolphin and Swan Hotels by Michael Graves | journal =Dezeen | date =April 28, 2017| url = https://www.dezeen.com/2017/04/28/michael-graves-walt-disney-world-dolphin-swan-hotels-architecture-orlando-florida-postmodernism/| access-date =August 23, 2017}}</ref> In addition to the Swan and Dolphin hotel buildings, Graves's firm designed their original interiors, furnishings, signage, and artwork.<ref>Iovine, pp. 12–13.</ref> Graves's other notable commissions for buildings that were completed in the 1990s include an expansion of the [[Denver Public Library]] (1990) and the renovation of the [[Detroit Institute of Arts]] (1990).<ref name="Hawthorne" />

Postmodern architecture did not have a long-lasting popularity and some of Graves's clients rejected his ideas. For example, his design for an expansion of Marcel Breuer's [[945 Madison Avenue|Whitney Museum of American Art building]] in New York City in the mid-1980s was highly contested and never built due to architect and local opposition.<ref name= obit /> Graves's designs for a planned Phoenix Municipal Government Center complex were among the project's finalists, but his concept was not selected as the winning entry.<ref>{{cite web| title =Phoenix Municipal Government Center Design Competition Collection–Design and the Arts Library | publisher =Arizona State University Library | url =https://lib.asu.edu/design/collections/phxgov | access-date =November 14, 2017}}</ref>

Graves's prominence as a postmodernist architect may have reached its peak during the 1980s and in the early 1990s, but he continued to practice as an architect until his death in 2015. Later works include the [[O'Reilly Theater]] (1996) in [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]]; the [[NCAA Hall of Champions]] in Indianapolis, Indiana; and [[425 Fifth Avenue]] (2000) in New York City, among others. Graves also received recognition for his multi-year renovation of his personal residence in Princeton.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://curbed.com/archives/2012/04/23/dwell-takes-a-look-inside-michael-graves-princeton-home.php|title=Dwell Takes a Look Inside Michael Graves' Princeton Home|work=Curbed National|access-date=March 16, 2015|archive-date=May 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502102852/http://curbed.com/archives/2012/04/23/dwell-takes-a-look-inside-michael-graves-princeton-home.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> International projects included the Sheraton Miramar Hotel (1997) in [[El Gouna]], [[Egypt]],<ref name=arch20>{{cite web| title =Michael Graves: Legendary Advocate of Postmodernism and Household Designer | work =Coffee Break | publisher =Arch20.com | url =https://www.arch2o.com/michael-graves-postmodernism-household-designer/ | access-date =February 5, 2018}}</ref> and the Hard Rock Hotel in [[Singapore]].<ref name=arch20/> One of the last projects that Michael Graves and Associates was involved in before Graves's death was the [[Louwman Museum]] (2010) in [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]]. Gary Lapera, a principal and studio head of Michael Graves and Associates, designed the museum, also known as the Lowman Collection and the National Automobile Museum of the Netherlands, which houses more than 230 cars.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Catherine Warmann | title = The Louwman Museum by Michael Graves and Associates  | journal =Dezeen | date =November 17, 2010| url = https://www.dezeen.com/2010/11/17/the-louwman-museum-by-michael-graves-associates/| access-date =August 23, 2017}}
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