Editing Miami people (section)

===United States and Tribal Divide===
[[File:Indiana Indian treaties.jpg|right|thumb|Miami treaties in Indiana]]
The Miami had mixed relations with the United States. Some villages of the Piankeshaw openly supported the American rebel colonists during the [[American Revolution]], while the villages around ''[[Ouiatenon]]'' were openly hostile. The Miami of Kekionga remained allies of the British, but were not openly hostile to the United States (except when attacked by [[Augustin de La Balme]] in 1780).

In the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the [[American Revolution|American Revolutionary War]], Britain transferred its claim of sovereignty over the Northwest Territory – modern-day Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin – to the new United States. White pioneers pushed into the Ohio Valley, leading to disputes over whether they had a legal right to carve out homesteads and settlements on land the tribes considered unceded territory. The Miami invited tribes displaced by white settlers, the Delaware (Lenape) and Shawnee to resettle at Kekionga, forming the nucleus of the pan-tribal Western Confederacy. War parties attacked white settlers, seeking to drive them out, and whites – including Kentucky militia members – carried out sometimes indiscriminate reprisal attacks on Native American villages. The resulting conflict became known as the [[Northwest Indian War]].

Seeking to bring an end to the rising violence by forcing the tribes to sign treaties ceding land for white settlement, the George Washington administration ordered an attack on Kekionga in 1790; [[Harmar campaign|American forces destroyed it but were then repulsed by Little Turtle's warriors]]. In 1791, Lieutenant Colonel [[James Wilkinson]] launched what he thought was a clever raid. At the [[Battle of Kenapacomaqua]], Wilkinson killed 9 Wea and Miami, and captured 34 Miami as prisoners, including a daughter of Miami war chief Little Turtle.<ref>{{cite web |title=Little Turtle (1752 – July 1812) |publisher=The Supreme Court of Ohio & The Ohio Judicial System |url=http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/MJC/places/littleTurtle.asp |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-date=24 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224043034/http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/MJC/places/littleTurtle.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of the confederation leaders had been considering terms of peace to present to the United States, but when they received news of Wilkinson's raid, they readied for war.{{sfn|Sword|1985|p=159}}{{verify inline|date=April 2025|reason=Speculative fix for no target footnote}} Wilkinson's raid thus had the opposite effect and united the tribes for a war. Later in 1791, the Washington administration organized a second expedition to attack Kekionga with further orders to build a fort there to permanently occupy the region, but the Western Confederacy attacked its camp en route and destroyed it; the battle, known as [[St. Clair's Defeat]], is recognized as the worst defeat of an American army by Native Americans in U.S. history.<ref>{{cite book| editor-last1= Sisson| editor-first1= Richard| editor-last2= Zacher| editor-first2= Christian| editor-last3= Cayton| editor-first3= Andrew |year= 2007| title= The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia| page= 1749| publisher= Indiana University Press| isbn= 978-0-253-34886-9}}</ref> In 1794, a third invading force under General "Mad" [[Anthony Wayne]] defeated the confederacy at the [[Battle of Fallen Timbers]], burned tribal settlements along dozens of miles of the Maumee River, and erected [[Fort Wayne]] at Kekionga. Wayne then imposed the [[Treaty of Greenville]] in 1795, which ended the Northwest Indian War. Under it, confederacy leaders like Little Turtle agreed to cede most of what is now Ohio, along with other tracts to the west including what is now central Detroit, Chicago, and Fort Wayne, in exchange for annual payments.<ref name=":0" />

Those Miami who still resented the United States gathered around Ouiatenon and [[Prophetstown State Park|Prophetstown]], where [[Shawnee]] Chief [[Tecumseh]] led a coalition of Native American nations. Territorial governor [[William Henry Harrison]] and his forces destroyed Prophetstown in 1811, and in the [[War of 1812]] – which included a tribal siege of Fort Wayne – attacked Miami villages throughout the Indiana Territory.

Although Wayne had promised in the Treaty of Greenville negotiations that the remaining unceded territory would remain tribal land – the origin of the name "Indiana" – forever, that is not what happened. Wayne would die a year later. White traders who came to Fort Wayne were used by the government to deliver the annual treaty payments to the Miami and other tribes. The traders also sold them alcohol and manufactured goods. Between annuity days, the traders sold them such things on credit, and the tribes repeatedly ran up more debts than the existing payments could cover. Harrison and his successors pursued a policy of leveraging these debts to induce tribal leaders to sign new treaties ceding large swaths of collectively-held reservation land and then to agree to the tribe's removal. As incentives to induce tribal leaders to sign such treaties, the government gave them individual deeds and other personal perks, such as building one chief [[Richardville House|a mansion]]. In 1846, the government forced the tribe's rank-and-file to leave, but several major families who had acquired private property to live on through this practice were exempted and permitted to stay in Indiana, creating a bitter schism.<ref name=":0" />

Those who affiliated with the tribe were moved to first to [[Kansas]], then to [[Oklahoma]], where they were given individual allotments of land rather than a reservation as part of efforts to make them assimilate into the American culture of private property and yeoman farming.<ref name=":0" /> The U.S. government has recognized what is now the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma as the official tribal government since 1846.

In the 20th century, the Indiana-based Miami unsuccessfully sought separate federal recognition. Although they had been recognized by the U.S. in an 1854 treaty, that recognition was stripped in 1897. In 1980, the Indiana legislature recognized the Eastern Miami as a matter of state law and voted to support federal recognition,<ref name="Rafert" />{{rp|291}} but in 1993, a federal judge ruled that the statute of limitations on appealing their status had expired.<ref name="Rafert" />{{rp|293}} In 1996, the [[Miami Tribe of Oklahoma]] changed its constitution to permit any descendant of people on certain historical roles to join, and since then hundreds of Indiana-based Miami have become members. Today the Oklahoma-based Miami tribe has about 5,600 enrolled members.<ref name=":0" /> However many other Indiana-based Miami still consider themselves a separate group that has been unfairly denied separate federal recognition. The Miami Nation of Indiana does not have federal tribal recognition. Senate Bill No. 311 was introduced in the [[Indiana General Assembly]] in 2011 to formally grant state recognition to the tribe, giving it sole authority to determine its tribal membership,<ref>Glenn and Rafert, p. 111.</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Introduced Version, Senate Bill 0342 | url = http://www.in.gov/legislative/bills/2013/IN/IN0342.1.html | publisher = Indiana General Assembly  | date =8 January 2013 | access-date = 27 May 2013 }} and {{Cite web | title =Digest of Introduced Bill 0342 | url = http://www.in.gov/legislative/bills/2013/DGSTP/SB0342.DIG.html | publisher = Indiana General Assembly |date =8 January 2013 |access-date =27 May 2013 }}</ref> but the bill did not advance to a vote.

====Locations====
[[File:Chief Francis Godfroy (Miami) Burial.jpg|thumb|The grave of Miami Chief Francis Godfroy, located at Chief Francis Godfroy Cemetery in [[Miami County, Indiana]]]]
'''United States years'''<ref name=Tanner /><ref name=Rafert />
* 1785 – Delaware villages located near Kekionga (refugees from American settlements)
* 1790 – Pickawillany Miami join Kekionga (refugees from American settlements)
* 1790 Gen. Josiah Harmar is ordered to attack and destroy Kekionga. On October 17, Harmar's forces burn the evacuated villages but are then defeated by [[Little Turtle]]'s warriors. 
* 1790-1791 – Rather than rebuilding Kekionga, tribes resettle further down the Maumee River, including at what is now [[Defiance, Ohio]]
* 1791 Gen. [[Arthur St. Clair]] attempts to attack Kekionga again and build a fort there, but before he can get there the Western Confederacy attacks his camp and destroys his army near the future [[Fort Recovery]].
* Kentucky Militia destroy Eel River villages.
* 1793 December&nbsp;– General [[Anthony Wayne]] launches third invasion and builds Fort Recovery on the site of St. Clair's Defeat.
* 1794 June – Fort [[Fort Recovery|Recovery]] repulses attack by Western Confederacy
*1794 August&nbsp;– [[Battle of Fallen Timbers]] near modern-day Toledo; Wayne's forces defeat Western Confederacy
*1794 September – Wayne's forces march up the Maumee River, burning tribal villages and fields (where tribes resettled after Harmar destroyed Kekionga) for dozens of miles, before reaching the abandoned ruins of Kekionga at its headwaters and building Fort Wayne
* 1795 – Tribal leaders sign the Treaty of Greenville, ceding most of what is now Ohio as well as the area around Fort Wayne that includes its historic capital of Kekionga and the Maumee-Wabash land portage
* 1809 – Gov. [[William Henry Harrison]] orders destruction of all villages within two days' march of [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]]. Villages near [[Columbia City, Indiana|Columbia City]] and [[Huntington, Indiana|Huntington]] destroyed.
*1812 17 December – Lt. Col. [[John B. Campbell]] ordered to destroy the Mississinewa villages. Campbell destroys villages and kills 8 Indians and 76 were taken prisoner, including 34 women and children.{{sfn|Gilpin|1968|p=154}}
* 1812 18 December, at Silver Heel's village, a sizeable Native American force counterattacked. The American Indians were outnumbered, but fought fiercely to rescue the captured villagers being held by Campbell, A joint cavalry charge led by Major James McDowell and Captains Trotter and Johnston finally broke the attack.{{sfn|Allison|1986|p=224}} an estimated 30 Indians were killed; Americans repulsed and return to Greenville.{{sfn|Gilpin|1968|p=154}}
* 1813 July – U.S. Army returns and burns deserted town and crops.
* 1817 Maumee Treaty&nbsp;– lose Ft. Wayne area (1400 Miami counted)
* 1818 Treaty of St. Mary's ([[New Purchase (1818)|New Purchase]] Treaty) – lose south of the Wabash&nbsp;– Big Miami Reservation created. Grants on the Mississinewa and Wabash given to Josetta Beaubien, Anotoine Bondie, Peter Labadie, Francois Lafontaine, Peter Langlois, Joseph Richardville, and Antoine Rivarre. Miami National Reserve (875,000) created.
* 1818 Eel River Miami settle at [[Thorntown, Indiana|Thorntown]], northeast of [[Lebanon, Indiana|Lebanon]]).
* 1825 1073 Miami, including the Eel River Miami
* 1826 Mississinewa Treaty&nbsp;– Tribe cedes most of its remaining reservation land in northeastern Indiana, which the government wanted to create a right of way for a canal linking Lake Erie to the Wabash River. Miami chief Jean Baptiste de Richardville receives deed to a large personal property and [[Richardville House|funds to build a mansion]] on it for signing. Eel River Miami leave Thorntown, northeast of Lebanon, for Logansport area.
* 1834 Western part of the Big Reservation sold ({{convert|208,000|acre|km2}})
* 1838 Potawatomi removed from Indiana. No other Indian tribes in the state. Treaty of 1838 made 43 grants and sold the western portion of the Big Reserve. Richardville exempted from any future removal treaties. Richardsville, Godfroy, Metocina received grants, plus family reserves for Ozahshiquah, Maconzeqyuah (Wife of Benjamin), Osandian, Tahconong, and Wapapincha.
* 1840 Remainder of the Big Reservation ({{convert|500,000|acre|km2}}) sold for lands in [[Kansas]]. Godfroy descendants and Meshingomesia (s/o Metocina), sister, brothers and their families exempted from the removal.
* 1846 – October 1, removal was supposed to begin. It began October 6 by canal boat. By ship to Kansas Landing [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]] and {{convert|50|mi|km}} overland to the reservation. Reached by 9 November.
* 1847 [[Godfroy Reserve]], between the Wabash and Mississinewa
* Wife of Benjamin Reserve, east edge of Godfroy
* Osandian Reserve, on the Mississinewa, southeast boundary of Godfroy
* Wapapincha Reserve, south of Mississinewa at Godfroy/Osandian juncture
* Tahkonong Reserve, southeast of Wapapincha south of Mississinewa
* Ozahshinquah Reserve, on the Mississinewa River, southeast of Peoria
* Meshingomesa Reserve, north side of Mississinewa from Somerset to Jalapa (northwest Grant County)
* 1872 Most reserves were partially sold to non-Indians.
* 1922 All reserves were sold for debt or taxes for the Miamis.