Editing Memex (section)

==Legacy==
Bush said of his "[[As We May Think]]" memex device that "technical difficulties of all sorts have been ignored," but that, "also ignored are means as yet unknown which may come any day to accelerate technical progress as violently as did the advent of the [[thermionic tube]]."{{Sfn|Bush|1945|loc=Section 8}} [[Michael Buckland]] concluded that Bush's 1945 vision for an information retrieval machine is unhistorically viewed in relation to the subsequent development of electronic [[computer]] technology. Buckland studied the historical background of [[information retrieval]] in and before 1939 because the Memex was based on Bush's work during 1938–1940 in building a photoelectric [[microfilm]] selector, an electronic retrieval technology invented by [[Emanuel Goldberg]] for [[Zeiss Ikon]] in the 1920s. According to Buckland, the legacy of Bush is twofold: a significant engineering achievement in building a rapid prototype microfilm selector, and "a speculative article" which through "the social prestige of its author, has had an immediate and lasting effect in stimulating others."<ref name="Buckland">{{Cite journal |last=Buckland |first=Michael K. |author-link=Michael Buckland |date=May 1992 |title=Emanuel Goldberg, Electronic Document Retrieval, And Vannevar Bush's Memex |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=284–94 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199205)43:4<284::AID-ASI3>3.0.CO;2-0 |journal=Journal of the American Society for Information Science|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2dz5c7m9 }}</ref>

The pioneer of [[human–computer interaction]] [[Douglas Engelbart]] was inspired by Bush's proposal for a co-evolution between humans and machines.{{sfn|Barnet|2013|p=29}} In a 1999 publication, Engelbart recollects that reading "As We May Think" in 1945 he "became 'infected' with the idea of building a means to extend and navigate this great pool of human knowledge".{{sfn|Barnet|2013|p=44}} Around 1961, Engelbart re-read Bush's article, and from 1962 onward Engelbart developed a series of technical designs.{{sfn|Barnet|2013|p=45}} Engelbart updated the Memex microfilm storage desk and thereby arrived at a pioneering vision for a [[personal computer]] connected to an [[electronic visual display]] and a [[Computer mouse|mouse]] [[pointing device]].{{sfn|Barnet|2013|p=47}} In 1962, Engelbart sent Bush a draft article for comment; Bush never replied. The article was published in 1963 under the title "A Conceptual Framework for the Augmentation of Man's Intellect".{{sfn|Barnet|2013|p=48}}

[[Image:HypertextEditingSystemConsoleBrownUniv1969.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Hypertext Editing System (HES) [[IBM 2250]] Display console&nbsp;– Brown University 1969]]
In 1965, [[J. C. R. Licklider]] dedicated his book "Libraries of the Future" to Bush. Licklider wrote that he had often heard of the memex and "trails of reference", even before he had read "As We May Think".{{sfn|Cronin|2006|p=68}} Also in 1965, [[Ted Nelson]] coined the word [[hypertext]] in a paper that quoted Bush's memex idea at length.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Warf |first=Barney |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of the Internet |publisher=SAGE |year=2018 |isbn=9781526450432}}</ref> In 1968, Nelson collaborated with [[Andries van Dam]] to implement the [[Hypertext Editing System]] (HES).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cartwright |first1=William |title=Multimedia Cartography |last2=Peterson |first2=Michael P |last3=Gartner |first3=Georg |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2013 |isbn=9783662037843 |pages=13}}</ref> In his 1987 book entitled "[[Literary Machines]]", Nelson defined hypertext as "non-sequential writing with reader-controlled links".{{sfn|Cronin|2006|p=66}}  When [[Tim Berners-Lee]] built his [[ENQUIRE]] software at [[CERN]] in 1980, which led to his invention of the [[World Wide Web]] in 1989, the ideas developed by Bush, Engelbart and Nelson did not influence his work, since he was not aware of them. However, as Berners-Lee began to refine his ideas, the work of these predecessors would later help to confirm the legitimacy of his concept.<ref name=":42">{{Cite thesis |last=Rutter |first=Dorian |title=From Diversity to Convergence: British Computer Networks and the Internet, 1970-1995 |date=2005 |access-date=27 December 2022 |degree=Computer Science |publisher=The University of Warwick |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1197/1/WRAP_THESIS_Rutter_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1197/1/WRAP_THESIS_Rutter_2005.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2022 |url-status=live |quote=When Berners-Lee developed his Enquire hypertext system during 1980, the ideas explored by Bush, Engelbart, and Nelson did not influence his work, as he was not aware of them. However, as Berners-Lee began to refine his ideas, the work of these predecessors would later confirm the legitimacy of his system.}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Tim Berners-Lee |url=http://archive.org/details/weavingweborigin00bern_0 |title=Weaving the Web |date=1999 |publisher=HarperSanFrancisco |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-06-251586-5 |pages=5–6 |quote=Unbeknownst to me at that early stage in my thinking, several people had hit upon similar concepts, which were never implemented.}}</ref> In 2003, [[Microsoft]] promoted a [[life-logging]] research project under the name [[MyLifeBits]] as an attempt to fulfill Bush's memex vision.{{sfn|Cronin|2006|p=74}}