Editing Melancholia (section)

====Causes====
The causes of melancholic [[major depressive disorder|depressive disorder]] are believed to be mostly biological factors that can be hereditary. Biological origins of the condition include problems with the [[Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis|HPA axis]] and [[Sleep architecture|sleep structure]] of patients.<ref name=gp1>{{Cite web |last=Parker |first=Gordon |title=Back to black: why melancholia must be understood as distinct from depression |url=http://theconversation.com/back-to-black-why-melancholia-must-be-understood-as-distinct-from-depression-38025 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=The Conversation |date=6 September 2015 |language=en}}</ref> [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI studies]] have indicated that melancholic depressed patients have issues with the connections between different regions of the brain, specifically the [[Insular cortex|insula]] and [[Frontoparietal network|fronto-parietal cortex]].<ref>{{Cite journal| journal=Psychiatric Times |last=Gordon Parker |first=M. D. |date=2017-01-20 |title=An Update on Melancholia |url=https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/update-melancholia |series=Vol 34 No 1 |language=en |volume=34}}</ref> Some studies have found that there are [[Biomarker|biological marker]] differences between patients with melancholic depression and other subtypes of depression.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Spanemberg |first1=Lucas |last2=Caldieraro |first2=Marco Antonio |last3=Vares |first3=Edgar Arrua |last4=Wollenhaupt-Aguiar |first4=Bianca |last5=Kauer-Sant'Anna |first5=Márcia |last6=Kawamoto |first6=Sheila Yuri |last7=Galvão |first7=Emily |last8=Parker |first8=Gordon |last9=Fleck |first9=Marcelo P. |date=2014-08-19 |title=Biological differences between melancholic and nonmelancholic depression subtyped by the CORE measure |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |language=English |volume=10 |pages=1523–1531 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S66504|pmid=25187716 |pmc=4149384 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The research regarding melancholic depression consistently finds that men are more likely to receive a melancholic depression diagnosis.<ref name=mg1>{{Cite journal |last1=Gili |first1=Margalida |last2=Roca |first2=Miquel |last3=Armengol |first3=Silvia |last4=Asensio |first4=David |last5=Garcia-Campayo |first5=Javier |last6=Parker |first6=Gordon |date=2012-10-26 |title=Clinical Patterns and Treatment Outcome in Patients with Melancholic, Atypical and Non-Melancholic Depressions |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=e48200 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0048200 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3482206 |pmid=23110213 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...748200G |doi-access=free }}</ref>