Editing Martin Frobisher (section)

===Third voyage===
[[File:Zentralbibliothek Zürich - Merckliche Beschreibung sampt eygenlicher Abbildung eynes frembden unbekanten Volcks - 000003625.jpg|thumb|Printed text in German telling of Martin Frobisher's third voyage. Illustrated are the three [[Inuit]], [[Kalicho]]; [[Arnaq]], and her child Nuttaaq, forcibly brought back to Bristol by Frobisher from his second expedition to Baffin Island in late 1577.]]

Meanwhile, the Queen and others in her retinue maintained a strong faith in the potential productivity of the newly discovered territory, which she herself named ''[[Meta Incognita Peninsula|Meta Incognita]]''<ref name="Morison1986291">{{cite book|author=Samuel Eliot Morison|title=The Great Explorers: The European Discovery of America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JnotvLHX80gC&pg=PA291|year=1986|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-504222-1|page=291}}</ref><ref name="Williams201024" /> (Latin: Unknown Shore).<ref name="Hallowell2004">{{cite book|author=Gerald Hallowell|title=The Oxford Companion to Canadian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_Z5AAAAMAAJ&q=%22%E2%80%98The%20Unknown%20Shore%27%22|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-541559-9|page=400}}</ref> It was resolved to send out the largest expedition yet, with everything necessary to establish a colony of 100 men.<ref name="Andrews1984">{{cite book|author=Kenneth R. Andrews|title=Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeplundersett0000andr|url-access=registration|date=1984|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-27698-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/tradeplundersett0000andr/page/176 176]}}</ref> Frobisher was again received by the queen,{{sfnp|McGhee|2001|p=79}} whereupon she threw a chain of fine gold around his neck.<ref name="Markham201486">{{cite book|author=Clements R. Markham|title=The Lands of Silence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2q8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-07687-6|page=86}}</ref>

The expedition consisted of fifteen vessels:<ref name="Hall1864">{{cite book|author=Charles Francis Hall|title=Life with the Esquimaux: The Narrative of Captain Charles Francis Hall|url=https://archive.org/details/lifewithesquima00hallgoog|year=1864|publisher=Sampson Low, Son and Marston|page=[https://archive.org/details/lifewithesquima00hallgoog/page/n141 121]}}</ref> the flagship ''Ayde'', ''Michael'', and ''Gabriel'', as well as ''Judith'', ''Dennis'' or ''Dionyse'', ''Anne Francis'', ''Francis of Foy'' and ''Moon of Foy'', ''Bear of Leycester'', ''Thomas of Ipswich'', ''Thomas Allen'', ''Armenall'',<ref>Sometimes conflated with the ''Admiral'', a by-name for the flagship ''Aid''.</ref> ''Soloman of Weymouth'', ''Hopewell'', and ''Emanuel of Bridgwater''.<ref name="BestEames1938">{{cite book|author1=George Best|author2=Wilberforce Eames|title=The Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher in Search of a Passage to Cathay and India by the North-west, A.D. 1576–8|url=https://archive.org/stream/threevoyagesofma02bestuoft#page/62/mode/2up|year=1938|publisher=Argonaut Press|page=62}}</ref><ref name="Markham201486"/> There were over 400 men aboard the ships, with 147 miners, 4 blacksmiths, and 5 assayers in the crew.<ref name="HerbertKnapp2002">{{cite book|author=Robert M. Ehrenreich |editor=Eugenia W. Herbert |editor2=A. Bernard Knapp |editor3=Vincent C. Pigott |title=Social Approaches to an Industrial Past: The Archaeology and Anthropology of Mining|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGiFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA110|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-67652-1|page=110|chapter=European miners and the indigenous population in the Arctic}}</ref>

On 3 June 1578, the expedition left [[Plymouth]] and, sailing through the Channel, on 20 June reached the south of [[Greenland]], where Frobisher and some of his men managed to land. On 2 July 1578, the foreland of Frobisher Bay was sighted. Stormy weather and dangerous ice prevented the rendezvous, and, besides causing the wreck on an iceberg of the 100-ton barque ''Dennis'', drove the fleet unwittingly up a waterway that Frobisher named "Mistaken Strait". He believed that the strait, now known as [[Hudson Strait]], was less likely to be an entrance to the North-west Passage than Frobisher Bay ("Frobisher's Strait" to him).<ref name="Morison1986">{{cite book|author=Samuel Eliot Morison|title=The Great Explorers: The European Discovery of America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JnotvLHX80gC&pg=PA310|year=1986|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-504222-1|pages=310–311}}</ref><ref name="Riendeau2007">{{cite book|author=Roger E. Riendeau|title=A Brief History of Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFWy0EfzlX0C&pg=PA31|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0822-3|page=31}}</ref> After proceeding about sixty miles up the new strait,<ref name="Hunter2010">{{cite book|author=Douglas Hunter|title=God's Mercies: Rivalry, Betrayal, and the Dream of Discovery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzoSiqV--t8C&pg=PA74|date=2010|publisher=Doubleday Canada|isbn=978-0-385-67268-9|page=74}}</ref> Frobisher with apparent reluctance turned back, and after many buffetings and separations, the fleet at last came to anchor in Frobisher Bay. During this voyage, the vessel ''Emanuel'' claimed to have found the phantom [[Buss Island]].<ref name="Morison1986319">{{cite book|author=Samuel Eliot Morison|title=The Great Explorers: The European Discovery of America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JnotvLHX80gC&pg=PA319|year=1986|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-504222-1|pages=319–320}}</ref>

Some attempt was made at founding a settlement, and a large quantity of ore was shipped, but dissension and discontent prevented the establishment of a successful colony. On the last day of August 1578, the fleet set out on its return and reached England at the beginning of October, although the vessel ''Emanuel'' was wrecked en route at [[Ard na Caithne]] on the west coast of Ireland.<ref>[http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/e89-086 Discovery of Martin Frobisher's Baffin Island "ore" in Ireland]</ref> The ore was taken to a specially constructed smelting plant at Powder Mill Lane in [[Dartford]]; assiduous efforts to extract gold and further assays were made over five years, but the ore proved to be a valueless rock containing [[hornblende]] and was eventually salvaged for [[road metal]]ling and wall construction.<ref>Ruby 2001 pp. 257–258</ref> The Cathay Company went bankrupt and Michael Lok was ruined, being sent to [[debtors' prison]] several times.<ref name="Dunlap2012">{{cite book|author=Thomas R. Dunlap|title=On the Edge: Mapping North America's Coasts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZNpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-997416-0|page=85}}</ref>