Editing Mark Twain (section)

===Financial troubles===
Twain made a substantial amount of money through his writing, but he lost a great deal through investments. Twain invested mostly in new inventions and technology, particularly the [[Paige Compositor|Paige typesetting machine]]. It was considered a mechanical marvel that amazed viewers when it worked, but it was prone to breakdowns. Twain spent $300,000 ({{Inflation|US|300000|1880|fmt=eq|r=0}}) on it between 1880 and 1894,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marktwainhouse.org/themuseum/archivist.shtml |title=Mark Twain House website – Paige Compositor page |publisher=Marktwainhouse.org |access-date=December 30, 2010 |archive-date=September 19, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919131459/http://www.marktwainhouse.org/themuseum/archivist.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> but before it could be perfected it was rendered obsolete by the [[Linotype machine|Linotype]]. He lost the bulk of his book profits, as well as a substantial portion of his wife's inheritance.<ref name="c-a-kirk">{{Cite book |last=Kirk |first=Connie Ann |author-link = Connie Ann Kirk |title=Mark Twain&nbsp;– A Biography |location=Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Printing |year=2004 |isbn=0-313-33025-5 }}</ref>

Twain also lost money through his publishing house, [[Charles L. Webster and Company]], which enjoyed initial success selling the [[Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant|memoirs]] of [[Ulysses S. Grant]] but failed soon afterward, losing money on a biography of [[Pope Leo XIII]]. Fewer than 200 copies were sold.<ref name="c-a-kirk" />

Twain and his family closed down their expensive Hartford home in response to the dwindling income and moved to Europe in June 1891. [[William M. Laffan]] of ''[[The Sun (New York)|The New York Sun]]'' and the [[McClure Newspaper Syndicate]] offered him the publication of a series of six European letters. Twain, Olivia, and their daughter Susy were all faced with health problems, and they believed that it would be of benefit to visit European baths.<ref name="paine">{{cite web |url=http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/t/twain/mark/paine/complete.html |title=Mark Twain, A Biography |author=Albert Bigelow Paine |date=December 17, 2014 |website=eBooks@Adelaide  |access-date=November 25, 2014 |archive-date=March 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319130842/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/t/twain/mark/paine/complete.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Rp|175}} The family stayed mainly in France, Germany, and Italy until May 1895, with longer spells at [[Berlin]] (winter 1891–92), [[Florence]] (fall and winter 1892–93), and Paris (winters and springs 1893–94 and 1894–95). During that period, Twain returned to New York four times due to his enduring business troubles. Twain rented "a cheap room" in September 1893 at $1.50 per day ({{Inflation|US|1.5|1893|fmt=eq|r=0}}) at [[The Players (New York City)|The Players Club]], which he had to keep until March 1894; meanwhile, Twain became "the Belle of New York", in the words of biographer [[Albert Bigelow Paine]].<ref name="paine" />{{Rp|176–190}}

Twain's writings and lectures enabled him to recover financially, combined with the help of his friend [[Henry Huttleston Rogers]].<ref>Lauber, John. ''The Inventions of Mark Twain: a Biography''. New York: Hill and Wang, 1990.</ref> In 1893, Twain began a friendship with the financier, a principal of [[Standard Oil]], that lasted the remainder of his life. Rogers first made Twain file for bankruptcy in April 1894, then had him transfer the copyrights on his written works to his wife to prevent creditors from gaining possession of them. Finally, Rogers took absolute charge of Twain's money until all his creditors were paid.<ref name="paine" />{{Rp|188}}

Twain accepted an offer from [[Robert Sparrow Smythe]]<ref name=adb>
{{Australian Dictionary of Biography
 |first=M. |last=Shillingsburg
 |title=Smythe, Robert Sparrow (1833–1917)
 |id2=smythe-robert-sparrow-8568
 |access-date=August 30, 2013}}</ref> and embarked on a year-long around-the-world lecture tour in July 1895<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.twainquotes.com/SpeechIndex.html |title=Chronology of Known Mark Twain Speeches, Public Readings, and Lectures |author=Barbara Schmidt |publisher=marktwainquotes.com |access-date=February 7, 2010 |archive-date=August 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809042844/http://www.twainquotes.com/SpeechIndex.html |url-status=live }}</ref> to pay off his creditors in full, although Twain was no longer under any legal obligation to do so.<ref>Cox, James M. ''Mark Twain: The Fate of Humor''. Princeton University Press, 1966.</ref> It was a long, arduous journey, and he was sick much of the time, mostly from a cold and a [[carbuncle]]. The first part of the itinerary took Twain across northern America to [[British Columbia]], Canada, until the second half of August. For the second part, he sailed across the Pacific Ocean. Twain's scheduled lecture in [[Honolulu]], Hawaii, had to be canceled due to a cholera epidemic.<ref name="paine" />{{Rp|188}}<ref>{{cite book
|title=Critical Companion to Mark Twain: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work
|last=Rasmussen
|first=R. Kent
|year=2007
|publisher=Facts on File
|location=New York
|isbn=978-0-8160-6225-6
|page =723}}</ref> Twain went on to [[Fiji]], Australia, New Zealand, [[Sri Lanka]], India, [[Mauritius]], and South Africa. His three months in India became the centerpiece of his 712-page book ''[[Following the Equator]]''. In the second half of July 1896, Twain sailed back to England, completing his circumnavigation of the world begun 14 months before.<ref name="paine" />{{Rp|188}}

Twain and his family spent four more years in Europe, mainly in England and Austria (October 1897 to May 1899), with longer spells in London and [[Vienna]]. Clara had wished to study the piano under [[Theodor Leschetizky]] in Vienna.<ref name="paine" />{{Rp|192–211}}
However, Jean's health did not benefit from consulting with specialists in Vienna, the "City of Doctors".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mark Twain and Medicine: "Any Mummery Will Cure"|url=https://archive.org/details/marktwainmedicin00ober|url-access=limited|last=Ober|first=Patrick|publisher=University of Missouri Press|year=2003|location=Columbia|page=[https://archive.org/details/marktwainmedicin00ober/page/n179 157]|isbn=9780826215024}}</ref> The family moved to London in spring 1899, following a lead by [[Poultney Bigelow]], who had a good experience being treated by Dr. Jonas Henrik Kellgren, a Swedish [[Osteopathy|osteopathic]] practitioner in [[Belgravia]]. They were persuaded to spend the summer at Kellgren's [[sanatorium]] by the lake in the [[Sweden|Swedish]] village of Sanna. Coming back in fall, they continued the treatment in London, until Twain was convinced by lengthy inquiries in America that similar osteopathic expertise was available there.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Mark Twain and Medicine: Any Mummery Will Cure
|url=https://archive.org/details/marktwainmedicin00ober
|url-access=limited
|last=Ober
|first=K. Patrick
|year=2003
|publisher=[[University of Missouri Press]]
|location=Columbia
|isbn=0-8262-1502-5
|pages = [https://archive.org/details/marktwainmedicin00ober/page/n175 153]–161}}</ref>

In mid-1900, Twain was the guest of newspaper proprietor [[Hugh Gilzean-Reid]] at [[Dollis Hill House]], located on the north side of London. Twain wrote that he had "never seen any place that was so satisfactorily situated, with its noble trees and stretch of country, and everything that went to make life delightful, and all within a biscuit's throw of the metropolis of the world."<ref name=dollishill>{{cite news |url=http://www.dollishillhouse.org.uk/history.htm |title=History of Dollis Hill House |publisher=Dollis Hill House Trust |year=2006 |access-date=July 3, 2007 |archive-date=May 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511142223/http://www.dollishillhouse.org.uk/history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Twain then returned to America in October 1900, having earned enough to pay off his debts. In winter 1900/01, Twain became his country's most prominent [[#Imperialism|opponent of imperialism]], raising the issue in his speeches, interviews, and writings. In January 1901, Twain began serving as vice-president of the [[American Anti-Imperialist League|Anti-Imperialist League]] of New York.<ref>{{cite book
|title=A Historical Guide to Mark Twain
|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalguidet00fish
|url-access=limited
|last=Zwick
|first=Jim
|editor=Shelley Fisher Fishkin
|editor1-link=Shelley Fisher Fishkin
|year=2002
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|location=New York
|isbn=-0-19-513293-9
|chapter=Mark Twain and Imperialism
|pages = [https://archive.org/details/historicalguidet00fish/page/n248 240]–241}}</ref><ref name=":2" />