Editing Manhattan (section)

===19th century===
New York grew as an economic center, first as a result of [[Alexander Hamilton]]'s policies and practices as the first [[Secretary of the Treasury]] to expand the city's role as a center of commerce and industry.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/new-york-historic/ Historic New York], ''[[American Experience]]''. Accessed December 24, 2023. "But New York's enormous Revolutionary War debt had the federal government hovering on the brink of bankruptcy, so Alexander Hamilton struck a momentous deal with Thomas Jefferson.... Alexander Hamilton's extraordinary early vision helped invent the economic future not only for his adoptive city, but also for the rest of the United States. Although the country was 90% agrarian, Hamilton understood that the future lay in manufacturing. As the first Secretary of the Treasury in New York City in 1789, he mapped out a blueprint for a new kind of nation – one based not on plantations and slave labor, but on commerce, manufacturing, and immigrant toil."</ref> By 1810, New York City, then confined to Manhattan, had surpassed [[Philadelphia]] as the most populous city in the United States.<ref>[[David W. Dunlap|Dunlap, David W.]] [https://archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/01/1810-war-clouds-on-horizon-but-limitless-growth-beyond/ "Last Time New York Had Just 27 House Seats? The City Was on the Rise"], {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924053746/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/01/1810-war-clouds-on-horizon-but-limitless-growth-beyond/ | date=September 24, 2014}} ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 1, 2010. Accessed December 24, 2023. "Even as war with Britain seemed more and more inevitable, however, New York spent much of 1810 — boisterously and confidently — developing into the American metropolis. New York, just as I pictured it. This was the year New York surpassed Philadelphia in population to become the largest city of the young republic, with 96,373 people; 94,687 of whom were free, 1,686 of whom were enslaved."</ref> The [[Commissioners' Plan of 1811]] laid out the island of Manhattan in its familiar [[grid plan]].<ref name=MCNY1811>[https://thegreatestgrid.mcny.org/greatest-grid/making-the-plan/12 The Commissioners' Plan, 1811], [[Museum of the City of New York]]. Accessed December 1, 2023. "The avenues are 100 feet wide, the standard cross street is 60 feet, and major cross streets are 100 feet.... The second pattern derives from block dimensions: all blocks are 200 feet north to south, but their dimensions east to west vary, diminishing in width from the center of the island to the shorelines."</ref> The city's role as an economic center grew with the opening of the [[Erie Canal]] in 1825, cutting transportation costs by 90% compared to road transport and connecting the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the [[Midwestern United States]] and [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite book|author = Bridges, William | title = Map of the City of New York and Island of Manhattan with Explanatory Remarks and References | year= 1811}}</ref><ref name="lankevich-p67">Lankevich (1998), pp. 67–68.</ref><ref>[https://www.canals.ny.gov/history/history.html Canal History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210014948/https://canals.ny.gov/history/history.html |date=December 10, 2023 }}, [[New York State Canal Corporation]]. Accessed January 3, 2024. "In 1825, Governor Dewitt Clinton officially opened the Erie Canal as he sailed the packet boat Seneca Chief along the Canal from Buffalo to Albany.... The explosion of trade prophesied by Governor Clinton began, spurred by freight rates from Buffalo to New York of $10 per ton by Canal, compared with $100 per ton by road.... The Erie Canal played an integral role in the transformation of New York City into the nation's leading port, a national identity that continues to be reflected in many songs, legends and artwork today."</ref>

[[Tammany Hall]], a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] [[political machine]], began to grow in influence with the support of many of the [[Irish diaspora|immigrant Irish]], culminating in the election of the first Tammany mayor, [[Fernando Wood]], in 1854.<ref>[https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,807536,00.html "Sachems & Sinners An Informal History Of Tammany Hall"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', August 22, 1955. Accessed December 1, 2023. "Born in Philadelphia, Wood went to New York to become an actor, but turned instead to politics and rose to become the first real Boss of Tammany Hall. In 1854 he became Mayor of New York City."</ref> Covering {{Convert|840|acres}} in the center of the island, [[Central Park]], which opened its first portions to the public in 1858, became the first [[arboriculture|landscaped public park]] in an American city.<ref>[https://archaeology.cityofnewyork.us/collection/nyc-timeline/central-park-opens Central Park Opens: 1858], [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]. Accessed December 24, 2023. ""</ref><ref>Blair, Cynthia. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001004544/http://www.newsday.com/about/ny-ihiny011405story%2C0%2C2798382.htmlstory "1858: Central Park Opens"], ''[[Newsday]]''. Accessed May 29, 2007. "Between 1853 and 1856, city commissioners purchased more than {{convert|700|acre|ha}} from 59th Street to 106th Street between Fifth and Eighth Avenues to create Central Park, the nation's first public park {{sic}} as well as its first landscaped park." In actuality, [[Boston Common]] is the nation's first public park. [http://www.thefreedomtrail.org/freedom-trail/boston-common.shtml Boston Common] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226153116/http://www.thefreedomtrail.org/freedom-trail/boston-common.shtml |date=December 26, 2014 }}, Thefreedomtrail.org.</ref><ref>Rybczynski, Witold. [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/olmsteds-triumph-85403245/ "Olmsted's Triumph"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226143407/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/olmsteds-triumph-85403245/ |date=December 26, 2015 }}, ''[[Smithsonian (magazine)]]'', July 2003. Accessed November 20, 2016. "By 1876, landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted and architect Calvert Vaux had transformed the swampy, treeless 50 blocks between Harlem and midtown Manhattan into the first landscaped park in the United States."</ref><ref>Morgan, David. [https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/new-york-central-park/2/ "New York's Central Park"], ''[[CBS News]]'', July 21, 2019. Accessed December 24, 2023. "America's first major landscaped public park, Manhattan's 840-acre Central Park welcomes more than 37 million visitors every year."</ref>

[[File:Viele Map 1865.jpg|thumb|center|upright=3.4|The "Sanitary & Topographical Map of the City and Island of New York", commonly known as the Viele Map, developed by [[Egbert Ludovicus Viele]] in 1865]]
New York City played a complex role in the [[American Civil War]]. The city had strong commercial ties to the [[southern United States|South]], but anger around [[conscription]], resentment against Lincoln's war policies and paranoia about [[free negro|free Blacks]] taking the jobs of poor immigrants<ref>Harris, Leslie M. [http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/317749.html "The New York City Draft Riots of 1863" excerpted from ''In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629080852/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/317749.html |date=June 29, 2011 }}, [[University of Chicago Press]]. Accessed November 20, 2016.</ref> culminated in the three-day-long [[New York Draft Riots]] of July 1863, among the worst incidents of [[civil disorder]] in American history.<ref>[[Geoffrey C. Ward|Ward, Geoffrey C.]] [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/06/books/gangs-of-new-york.html "Gangs of New York"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716171936/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/06/books/gangs-of-new-york.html |date=July 16, 2019 }}, a review of ''[[Paradise Alley]]'' by [[Kevin Baker (author)|Kevin Baker]], ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 6, 2002. Accessed June 30, 2009. "The New York draft riots remain the worst civil disturbance in American history: according to the historian Adrian Cook, 119 people are known to have been killed, mostly rioters or onlookers who got too close when federal troops, brought back from the battlefield to restore order, started shooting."</ref> The rate of immigration from Europe grew steeply after the Civil War, and Manhattan became the first stop for millions seeking a new life in the United States, a role acknowledged by the dedication of the [[Statue of Liberty]] in 1886.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/archive/stli/prod02.htm Statue of Liberty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316214349/http://www.nps.gov/archive/stli/prod02.htm |date=March 16, 2016 }}, [[National Park Service]]. Accessed May 17, 2007.</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/06/nyregion/new-jerseyans-claim-to-liberty-i-rejected.html "New Jerseyans' Claim To Liberty I. Rejected"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328063437/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/06/nyregion/new-jerseyans-claim-to-liberty-i-rejected.html |date=March 28, 2019 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 6, 1987. Accessed June 30, 2009. "The Supreme Court today refused to strip the Statue of Liberty of its status as a New Yorker. The Court, without comment, turned away a move by a two New Jerseyans to claim jurisdiction over the landmark for their state."</ref> This immigration brought further social upheaval. In a city of tenements packed with poorly paid laborers from dozens of nations, the city became a hotbed of [[revolution]] (including [[anarchist]]s and [[communist]]s among others), [[syndicalism]], [[racketeering]], and [[unionization]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

In 1883, the opening of the [[Brooklyn Bridge]] across the [[East River]] established a road connection to [[Brooklyn]] and the rest of [[Long Island]].<ref>[https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/infrastructure/brooklyn-bridge.shtml Brooklyn Bridge], [[New York City Department of Transportation]]. Accessed November 30, 2023. "The Brooklyn Bridge was designed by John A. Roebling. Construction began in 1869 and was completed in 1883.... The Brooklyn Bridge connects the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River."</ref> In 1898, New York City consolidated with three neighboring counties to form "the [[City of Greater New York]]", and Manhattan was established as one of the five [[boroughs of New York City]].<ref>[https://archaeology.cityofnewyork.us/collection/nyc-timeline/consolidation-of-the-five-borough-city Consolidation of the Five-Borough City: 1898], [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]. Accessed November 30, 2023. "On January 1, 1898, the separate jurisdictions of New York (Manhattan), Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Staten Island joined together to form a single metropolis: the City of Greater New York. Movements for consolidation had been considered as far back as 1820, but by the end of the 19th century proponents were claiming that a single metropolitan jurisdiction stretching over five boroughs would run more efficiently and cement New York as the economic and cultural capital of the nation."</ref><ref>McFadden, Robert D. [https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/01/archives/rockets-red-glare-marked-birth-of-merged-city-in-1898-sounds-and.html "Rockets' Red Glare Marked Birth of Merged City in 1898"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 1, 1973. Accessed November 30, 2023.</ref> [[The Bronx]] remained part of New York County until 1914, when Bronx County was established.<ref>[https://www.thirteen.org/bronx/history2.html "Birth of a Borough"], ''A Walk Through the Bronx''. Accessed January 3, 2024. "After consolidation in 1898, the twenty-third and twenty-fourth wards became the borough of the Bronx, which with Manhattan remained part of New York County (the other boroughs were already separate counties).... It was not until 1912, however, that the state legislature established the County of the Bronx as the sixty-second county in the state, effective January 1, 1914."</ref>