Editing Magnetic resonance imaging (section)

==== Neuroimaging ====
{{Main|Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain}}
{{See also|Neuroimaging}}
[[File:White Matter Connections Obtained with MRI Tractography.png|thumb|MRI diffusion tensor imaging of [[white matter]] tracts]]

MRI is the investigative tool of choice for neurological cancers over CT, as it offers better visualization of the [[posterior cranial fossa]], containing the [[brainstem]] and the [[cerebellum]]. The contrast provided between [[Grey matter|grey]] and [[white matter]] makes MRI the best choice for many conditions of the [[central nervous system]], including [[demyelinating disease]]s, [[dementia]], [[cerebrovascular disease]], [[List of infections of the central nervous system|infectious diseases]], [[Alzheimer's disease]] and [[epilepsy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acr.org/~/media/ACR/Documents/PGTS/guidelines/MRI_Brain.pdf |title=ACR-ASNR Practice Guideline for the Performance and Interpretation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Brain |author=American Society of Neuroradiology |date=2013 |access-date=2013-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712013017/https://www.acr.org/~/media/ACR/Documents/PGTS/guidelines/MRI_Brain.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Rowayda AS |title=An improved MRI segmentation for atrophy assessment|journal= International Journal of Computer Science Issues  |date=May 2012|volume=9|issue=3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Rowayda AS |title=Regional atrophy analysis of MRI for early detection of alzheimer's disease|journal= International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Processing and Pattern Recognition |date=February 2013|volume=6|issue=1|pages=49–53}}</ref> Since many images are taken milliseconds apart, it shows how the brain responds to different stimuli, enabling researchers to study both the functional and structural brain abnormalities in psychological disorders.<ref name="Abnormal Psychology">{{cite book | vauthors = Nolen-Hoeksema S |title=Abnormal Psychology |date=2014 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |location=New York |page=67 |edition=Sixth}}</ref> MRI also is used in [[image guided surgery|guided]] [[stereotactic surgery]] and [[radiosurgery]] for treatment of intracranial tumors, arteriovenous malformations, and other surgically treatable conditions using a device known as the [[N-localizer]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brown RA, Nelson JA | title = The Invention and Early History of the N-Localizer for Stereotactic Neurosurgery | journal = Cureus | volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = e642 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27462476 | pmc = 4959822 | doi = 10.7759/cureus.642 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal | vauthors = Leksell L, Leksell D, Schwebel J | title = Stereotaxis and nuclear magnetic resonance | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 14–8 | date = January 1985 | pmid = 3882889 | pmc = 1028176 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.48.1.14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heilbrun MP, Sunderland PM, McDonald PR, Wells TH, Cosman E, Ganz E | title = Brown-Roberts-Wells stereotactic frame modifications to accomplish magnetic resonance imaging guidance in three planes | journal = Applied Neurophysiology | volume = 50 | issue = 1–6 | pages = 143–52 | year = 1987 | pmid = 3329837 | doi = 10.1159/000100700 }}</ref> New tools that implement [[artificial intelligence in healthcare]] have demonstrated higher image quality and morphometric analysis in [[neuroimaging]] with the application of a denoising system.<ref name="JON-December-2021">{{cite journal|title=The effect of a post-scan processing denoising system on image quality and morphometric analysis|first1=Noriko|last1=Kanemaru|first2=Hidemasa|last2=Takao|first3=Shiori|last3=Amemiya|first4=Osamu|last4=Abe|journal=Journal of Neuroradiology|date=2 December 2021|volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=205–212 |doi=10.1016/j.neurad.2021.11.007|pmid=34863809|s2cid=244907903|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The record for the highest spatial resolution of a whole intact brain (postmortem) is 100 microns, from Massachusetts General Hospital. The data was published in NATURE on 30 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/100-hour-mri-marathon-gives-the-world-its-closest-ever-3d-view-of-the-human-brain|title = 100-Hour-Long MRI of Human Brain Produces Most Detailed 3D Images Yet| date=10 July 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-10-team-publishes-highest-resolution-brain.html|title = Team publishes on highest resolution brain MRI scan}}</ref>

Though MRI is used widely in research on mental disabilities, based on a 2024 systematic literature review and meta analysis commissioned by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), available research using MRI scans to diagnose ADHD showed great variability.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |title=ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment in Children and Adolescents |url=https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/research |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov |date=2024 |language=en |doi=10.23970/ahrqepccer267 |last1=Peterson |first1=Bradley S. |last2=Trampush |first2=Joey |last3=Maglione |first3=Margaret |last4=Bolshakova |first4=Maria |last5=Brown |first5=Morah |last6=Rozelle |first6=Mary |last7=Motala |first7=Aneesa |last8=Yagyu |first8=Sachi |last9=Miles |first9=Jeremy |last10=Pakdaman |first10=Sheila |last11=Gastelum |first11=Mario |last12=Nguyen |first12=Bich Thuy (Becky) |last13=Tokutomi |first13=Erin |last14=Lee |first14=Esther |last15=Belay |first15=Jerusalem Z. |last16=Schaefer |first16=Coleman |last17=Coughlin |first17=Benjamin |last18=Celosse |first18=Karin |last19=Molakalapalli |first19=Sreya |last20=Shaw |first20=Brittany |last21=Sazmin |first21=Tanzina |last22=Onyekwuluje |first22=Anne N. |last23=Tolentino |first23=Danica |last24=Hempel |first24=Susanne |pmid=38657097 }}</ref> The authors conclude that MRI cannot be reliably used to assist in making a clinical diagnosis of ADHD.<ref name=":0" />