Editing Macron (diacritic) (section)

===Letter extension===
{{redirect|p̄|the subatomic particle|Antiproton}}
{{redirect|n̄|the subatomic particle|Antineutron}}
In [[romanization of Hebrew|romanizations of Hebrew]], the [[macron below]] is typically used to mark the [[begadkefat]] consonant [[lenition]]. However, for typographical reasons a regular macron is used on ''p'' and ''g'' instead: ''p̄, ḡ''.

The macron is used in the orthography of a number of vernacular languages of the [[Solomon Islands]] and [[Vanuatu]], particularly those first transcribed by [[Melanesian Mission|Anglican missionaries]]. The macron has no unique value, and is simply used to distinguish between two different phonemes.

Thus, in several languages of the [[Banks Islands]], including [[Mwotlap]],<ref>{{citation |last=François |first=Alexandre |year=2005 |title=A typological overview of Mwotlap, an Oceanic language of Vanuatu |journal=Linguistic Typology |volume=9 |issue= 1|pages=115–146 [118] |doi=10.1515/lity.2005.9.1.115 |s2cid=55878308 }}</ref> the simple ''m'' stands for {{IPA|/m/}}, but an ''m'' with a macron ('''m̄''') is a [[Labial-velar nasal#Rounded variant|rounded labial-velar nasal]] {{IPA|/ŋ͡mʷ/}}; while the simple ''n'' stands for the common [[alveolar nasal]] {{IPA|/n/}}, an ''n'' with macron ('''n̄''') represents the [[velar nasal]] {{IPA|/ŋ/}}; the vowel '''ē''' stands for a (short) higher {{IPA|/ɪ/}} by contrast with plain ''e'' {{IPA|/ɛ/}}; likewise '''ō''' {{IPA|/ʊ/}} contrasts with plain ''o'' {{IPA|/ɔ/}}.

In [[Hiw language|Hiw]] orthography, the consonant ''r̄'' stands for the prestopped [[velar lateral approximant]] {{IPA|/ᶢʟ/}}.<ref>{{citation
|doi=10.1017/s0952675710000205
|last=François
|first=Alexandre
|author-link=Alexandre François (linguist)
|year=2010
|title=Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment
|journal=Phonology
|volume=27
|issue=3
|pages=393–434
|s2cid=62628417
|url=https://anu.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois/Papers/878193/Phonotactics_and_the_prestopped_velar_lateral_in_Hiw
}}, p.&nbsp;421.</ref>
In [[Araki language|Araki]], the same symbol ''r̄'' encodes the [[alveolar trill]] {{IPA|/r/}} – by contrast with ''r'', which encodes the [[alveolar flap]] {{IPA|/ɾ/}}.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://alex.francois.free.fr/AF-Araki-pub.htm#a | title = The alphabet of Araki | author = François, Alexandre | year = 2008 }}</ref>

In [[Bislama language|Bislama]] (orthography before 1995), [[Lamenu language|Lamenu]] and [[Lewo language|Lewo]], a macron is used on two letters ''{{lang|bi|m̄ p̄}}''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eki.ee/letter/chardata.cgi?lang=bi+Bislama&script=latin|title=Letter Database|website=eki.ee}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/54584756/FULL_TEXT.PDF |title="The Goal of the Good House": Seasonal Work and Seeking a Good Life in Lamen and Lamen Bay, Epi, Vanuatu |type=PhD |publisher=University of Manchester |year=2016 |first=Rachel E. |last=Smith |page=439}}</ref> ''m̄'' represents {{IPA|/mʷ/}}, and ''p̄'' represents {{IPA|/pʷ/}}. The orthography after 1995 (which has no diacritics) has these written as ''mw'' and ''pw''.

In [[Kokota language|Kokota]], ''ḡ'' is used for the [[voiced velar stop|velar stop]] {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, but ''g'' without macron is the [[voiced velar fricative]] {{IPA|/ɣ/}}.<ref>Palmer, Bill. [http://www.surrey.ac.uk/lcts/bill.palmer/NWS_site/Kok/PhD/Ch2.pdf A grammar of the Kokota language, Santa Isabel, Solomon Islands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229013857/http://www.surrey.ac.uk/lcts/bill.palmer/NWS_site/Kok/PhD/Ch2.pdf |date=2009-12-29 }}. PhD dissertation.</ref>

In [[Marshallese language|Marshallese]], a macron is used on four letters – ''{{lang|mh|ā n̄ ō ū}}'' – whose pronunciations differ from the unmarked ''{{lang|mh|a n o u}}''. Marshallese uses a [[vertical vowel system]] with three to four vowel phonemes, but traditionally their allophones have been written out, so vowel letters with macron are used for some of these allophones. Though the standard diacritic involved is a macron, there are no other diacritics used ''above'' letters, so in practice other diacritics can and have been used in less polished writing or print, yielding nonstandard letters like ''{{lang|mh|ã ñ õ û}}'', depending on displayability of letters in [[computer font]]s.
* The letter ''{{lang|mh|ā}}'' is pronounced {{IPA|[æ~ɛ]}}, the [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalized]] [[allophone]] of the phoneme {{IPA|/a/}}.
* The letter ''{{lang|mh|n̄}}'' represents the [[velar nasal]] phoneme {{IPA|/ŋ/}} and the [[labialized velar consonant|labialized velar]] nasal phoneme {{IPA|/ŋʷ/}}, depending on context. The standard letter does not exist as a [[precombined glyph]] in [[Unicode]], so the nonstandard variant ''{{lang|mh|ñ}}'' is often used in its place.
* The letter ''{{lang|mh|ō}}'' is pronounced {{IPA|[ʌ]}} or {{IPA|[ɤ]}}, which are the [[roundedness|unrounded]] [[velarization|velarized]] allophones of the phonemes {{IPA|/ɜ/}} and {{IPA|/ɘ/}} respectively.
* The letter ''{{lang|mh|ū}}'' is pronounced {{IPA|[ɯ]}}, the unrounded velarized allophone of the phoneme {{IPA|/ɨ/}}.

In [[Obolo language|Obolo]], the simple '''n''' stands for the common [[alveolar nasal]] {{IPA|/n/}}, while an ''n'' with macron ('''n̄''') represents the [[velar nasal]] {{IPA|/ŋ/}}.<ref>OLBTO (2011) "Reading and Writing Obolo: Obolo Alphabet" in "A Workshop Manual for Teaching Obolo."  Obolo Language and Bible Translation Organisation (OLBTO). p.1</ref>