Editing Lviv (section)

===Kingdom of Poland===
[[File:Lviv High Castle (Engraving).jpg|thumb|[[Lviv High Castle|Hight Castle]] first built in 1250 by [[Leo I of Halych]] and rebuilt in 1362 by [[Casimir III of Poland]] (engraving by A. Gogenberg, 17th century)]]

In 1349, the [[Kingdom of Ruthenia]] with its capital Lviv was annexed by the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland]]. The kingdom was transformed into the Ruthenian domain of the Crown with Lwów as the capital. On 17 June 1356 King [[Casimir III the Great]] moved the city to a new location and granted it [[Magdeburg rights]], which implied that all city matters were to be resolved by a council elected by the wealthy citizens. In 1362, the [[Lviv High Castle|High Castle]] was completely rebuilt with stone replacing the previous wood. In 1358, the city became a seat of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv|Roman Catholic Archdiocese]], which initiated the spread of [[Latin Church]] onto the Ruthenian lands.

After Casimir had died in 1370, he was succeeded as king of Poland by his nephew, King [[Louis I of Hungary]], who in 1372 put Lwów together with the region of [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia]] under the administration of his relative [[Vladislaus II of Opole]], Duke of Opole.<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /> When in 1387 Władysław retreated from the post of its governor, Galicia-Volhynia became occupied by [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], but soon [[Jadwiga of Poland|Jadwiga]], the youngest daughter of Louis, and also the ruler of Poland and wife of King of Poland [[Władysław II Jagiełło]], unified it directly with the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland]].<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" />

The city's prosperity during the following centuries is owed to the trade privileges granted to it by Casimir, Queen [[Jadwiga of Poland|Jadwiga]], and the subsequent Polish monarchs.<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /> Germans, Poles and Czechs formed the largest groups of newcomers. Most of the settlers were [[Polonization|polonised]] by the end of the 15th century, and the city became a Polish island surrounded by the Ruthenian [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] population.<ref>Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki. ''A Concise History of Poland''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. 2006. p. 32.</ref> In 1356, the Armenian diocese was founded centered at the [[Armenian Cathedral of Lviv|Armenian Cathedral]]. Lwów was one of two main cultural and religious centers of [[Armenians in Poland]] alongside [[Kamieniec Podolski]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Stopka|first=Krzysztof|year=2000|title=Ormianie w Polsce dawnej i dzisiejszej|language=pl|location=Kraków|publisher=Księgarnia Akademicka|pages=19, 37|isbn=83-7188-325-0}}</ref> In the [[early modern period]], it also became one of the largest concentrations of [[Scots in Poland|Scots]] and [[Italians]] in Poland.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Feduszka|first=Jacek|year=2009|title=Szkoci i Anglicy w Zamościu w XVI-XVIII wieku|magazine=Czasy Nowożytne|language=pl|publisher=Zarząd Główny Polskiego Towarzystwa Historycznego|volume=22|page=53|issn=1428-8982}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Tygielski|first=Wojciech|editor-last1=Kopczyński|editor-first1=Michał|editor-last2=Tygielski|editor-first2=Wojciech|year=2010|title=Pod wspólnym niebem. Narody dawnej Rzeczypospolitej|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Muzeum Historii Polski, Bellona|chapter=Włosi|page=190|isbn=978-83-11-11724-2}}</ref>

In 1412, the local archdiocese has developed into the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv|Roman Catholic Metropolis]], which since 1375 as diocese had been in [[Halych]].<ref name="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon" /> The new metropolis included regional diocese in Lwów, [[Przemyśl]], [[Chełm]], [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi|Włodzimierz]], [[Lutsk|Łuck]], [[Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamieniec]], as well as [[Siret]] and [[Kyiv|Kijów]] (see [[Old Cathedral of St. Sophia, Kyiv]]). The first Catholic Archbishop who resided in Lwów was Jan Rzeszowski.

[[File:Львов 1618 АГогенберг.jpg|thumb|Lwów in a lithograph from 1618]]
In 1434, the Ruthenian domain of the Crown was transformed into the [[Ruthenian Voivodeship]]. In 1444, the city was granted the [[staple right]], which resulted in its growing prosperity and wealth, as it became one of the major trading centres on the merchant routes between [[Central Europe]] and [[Black Sea]] region. It was also transformed into one of the main fortresses of the kingdom. As one of the largest and most influential [[royal city|royal cities]] of Poland, it enjoyed voting rights in the [[Royal elections in Poland]], alongside other major cities such as [[Kraków]], [[Poznań]], [[Warsaw]] or [[Gdańsk]].<ref>''Polska Encyklopedia Szlachecka'', t. I, Warsaw 1935, p. 42</ref> During the 17th century, it was the second largest city of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], with a population of about 30,000.

In 1572, one of the first publishers of books in what is now Ukraine, [[Ivan Fyodorov (printer)|Ivan Fedorov]], a graduate of the [[Jagiellonian University|University of Kraków]], settled here for a brief period. The city became a significant centre for [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] with the establishment of an Orthodox brotherhood, a Greek-Slavonic school, and a printer which published the first full versions of the Bible in [[Church Slavonic]] in 1580. A [[List of Jesuit educational institutions in the Philippines|Jesuit Collegium]] was founded in 1608, and on 20 January 1661 King [[John II Casimir]] of Poland issued a decree granting it "the honour of the academy and the title of the university".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/2_Ukraine.htm |title=Jesuits in Ukraine |website=www.manresa-sj.org |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307223326/https://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/2_Ukraine.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The 17th century brought invading armies of [[Swedish Empire|Swedes]], [[Hungary|Hungarians]],<ref>Cathal J. Nolan. ''Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: An Encyclopaedia of Global Warfare and Civilization''. ABC-CLIO. 2008. pp. 332, 368.</ref><ref name="Jaques">Tony Jaques. ''Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-First Century'', Vol. 3. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2007. pp. 608, 895, 951</ref> [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]],<ref>Francis Ludwig Carsten. ''The New Cambridge Modern History: The Ascendancy of France, 1648–88''. Cambridge University Press. 1961. p. 512.</ref><ref>Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki. ''A Concise History of Poland''. Cambridge University Press. 2001. p. 81. Cambridge University Press. 2001. p. 81.</ref> [[Tsardom of Russia|Russians]] and [[Zaporozhian Cossacks|Cossacks]]<ref name="Jaques" /> to its gates. In 1648 an army of [[Zaporozhian Cossacks|Cossacks]] and [[Crimean Tatars]] besieged the town. They captured the [[Lviv High Castle|High Castle]], murdering its defenders. The city itself was not sacked due to the fact that the leader of the revolution [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] accepted a ransom of 250,000 ducats, and the Cossacks marched north-west towards [[Zamość]]. It was one of two major cities in Poland which was not captured during the so-called [[Deluge (history)|''Deluge'']]: the other one was [[Gdańsk]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

[[File:Sluby Jana Kazimierza 2.jpg|thumb|[[King Jan Kazimierz of Poland|John II Casimir]], [[King of Poland]], pledging an [[Lwów Oath|oath]] at Lwów's [[Latin Cathedral, Lviv|Latin Cathedral]], by painter [[Jan Matejko]]. Collection of the [[National Museum in Wrocław|Wrocław Museum]].]]
At that time, Lwów witnessed a historic scene, as here King [[John II Casimir Vasa|John II Casimir]] made his famous [[Lwów Oath]]. On 1 April 1656, during a holy mass in Lwów's Cathedral conducted by the [[papal legate]] [[Pietro Vidoni]], John Casimir in a grandiose and elaborate ceremony entrusted the Commonwealth under the Blessed Virgin Mary's protection, whom he announced as ''The Queen of the Polish Crown and other of his countries''. He also swore to ''protect the Kingdom's folk from any impositions and unjust bondage''.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Two years later, John Casimir, in honor of the bravery of its residents, declared Lwów to be equal to two historic capitals of the Commonwealth, Kraków and [[Vilnius]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} In the same year, 1658, [[Pope Alexander VII]] declared the city to be [[Semper fidelis]], in recognition of its key role in defending Europe and Roman Catholicism from the Ottoman Muslim invasion.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

In 1672 it was surrounded by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] who also failed to conquer it. Three years later, the [[Battle of Lwów (1675)]] took place near the city. Lwów was captured for the first time since the [[Middle Ages]] by a foreign army in 1704 when [[Swedish Army|Swedish troops]] under King [[Charles XII of Sweden|Charles XII]] entered the city after a short siege.<ref>{{cite EB9 |wstitle = Lemberg |volume= XIV |last= |first= |author-link= | page=453 |short=1}}</ref> The [[Great Northern War plague outbreak|plague]] of the early 18th century caused the death of about 10,000 inhabitants (40% of the city's population).<ref>Karl-Erik Frandsen. ''The Last Plague in the Baltic Region, 1709–1713.'' Museum Tuseulanum Press. 2010. p. 20.</ref>