Editing Lutetium (section)

==History==
The [[discoveries of the chemical elements|discovery]] of lutetium was intertwined with that of [[ytterbium]] and [[thulium]]. Three scientists were involved in all three elements:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sicius |first=Hermann |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-68921-9 |title=Handbook of the Chemical Elements |date=2024 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-662-68920-2 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-68921-9}}</ref> French scientist [[Georges Urbain]],<ref name="1st">{{cite journal|title=Un nouvel élément: le lutécium, résultant du dédoublement de l'ytterbium de Marignac|journal=Comptes Rendus|volume=145|date=1907|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3099v/f759.image.langEN|pages=759–762|last= Urbain|first= G.}}</ref> Austrian mineralogist Baron [[Carl Auer von Welsbach]],<ref name="Deu">{{cite journal|title=Die Zerlegung des Ytterbiums in seine Elemente|trans-title=Resolution of ytterbium into its elements|journal=Monatshefte für Chemie|volume=29|issue=2|date=1908|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015036977471;view=1up;seq=193|doi=10.1007/BF01558944|pages=181–225, 191|first=Carl A. von|last=Welsbach|s2cid=197766399}} On page 191, Welsbach suggested names for the two new elements: ''"Ich beantrage für das an das Thulium, beziehungsweise Erbium sich anschließende, in dem vorstehenden Teile dieser Abhandlung mit Yb II bezeichnete Element die Benennung: Aldebaranium mit dem Zeichen Ad — und für das zweite, in dieser Arbeit mit Yb I bezeichnete Element, das letzte in der Reihe der seltenen Erden, die Benennung: Cassiopeïum mit dem Zeichen Cp."'' (I request for the element that is attached to thulium or erbium and that was denoted by Yb II in the above part of this paper, the designation "Aldebaranium" with the symbol Ad — and for the element that was denoted in this work by Yb I, the last in the series of the rare earths, the designation "Cassiopeïum" with the symbol Cp.)</ref> and American chemist Charles James.<ref name=JamesPrimary>{{cite journal|author=James, C. |year=1907|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrhMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA495 |title=A new method for the separation of the yttrium earths|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=29|issue=4|pages=495–499|doi=10.1021/ja01958a010|bibcode=1907JAChS..29..495J }} In a footnote on page 498, James mentions that Carl Auer von Welsbach had announced " ... the presence of a new element Er, γ, which is undoubtedly the same as here noted, ... ." The article to which James refers is: C. Auer von Welsbach (1907) [https://books.google.com/books?id=myLzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA935 "Über die Elemente der Yttergruppe, (I. Teil)"] (On the elements of the ytterbium group (1st part)), ''Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften'' (Monthly Journal for Chemistry and Related Fields of Other Sciences), '''27''' : 935-946.</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Separation of Rare Earth Elements by Charles James | work = National Historic Chemical Landmarks | publisher = American Chemical Society | url = http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/earthelements.html | access-date = 2014-02-21 }}</ref> They found lutetium as an impurity in [[ytterbia]], which was thought by Swiss chemist [[Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac]] to consist entirely of [[ytterbium]]. 

Urbain and Welsbach proposed different names. Urbain chose ''neoytterbium'' for ytterbium and ''lutecium'' for the new element.<ref name="Fra">{{cite journal|title=Lutetium und Neoytterbium oder Cassiopeium und Aldebaranium -- Erwiderung auf den Artikel des Herrn Auer v. Welsbach.|date=1909|journal=Monatshefte für Chemie|volume=31|issue=10|doi=10.1007/BF01530262|first=G. |last=Urbain|page=1|s2cid=101825980|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1859372}}</ref>  Welsbach chose ''aldebaranium'' and ''cassiopeium'' (after [[Aldebaran]] and [[Cassiopeia (constellation)|Cassiopeia]]). Both authors accused the other man of publishing results based on their work.<ref name="Weeks">{{cite book |last1=Weeks |first1=Mary Elvira |title=The discovery of the elements |date=1956 |publisher=Journal of Chemical Education |location=Easton, PA |url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryoftheel002045mbp |edition=6th }}</ref><ref name="XVI">{{cite journal | author = Weeks, Mary Elvira |author-link=Mary Elvira Weeks| title = The discovery of the elements: XVI. The rare earth elements | journal = Journal of Chemical Education | year = 1932 | volume = 9 | issue = 10 | pages = 1751&ndash;1773 | doi = 10.1021/ed009p1751 | bibcode=1932JChEd...9.1751W}}</ref><ref name="Beginnings">{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=James L. Marshall |last2=Marshall |first2=Virginia R. Marshall |title=Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare Earths–The Beginnings |journal=The Hexagon |date=2015 |pages=41–45 |url=http://www.chem.unt.edu/~jimm/REDISCOVERY%207-09-2018/Hexagon%20Articles/rare%20earths%20I.pdf |access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Virginia">{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=James L. Marshall |last2=Marshall |first2=Virginia R. Marshall |title=Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare Earths–The Confusing Years |journal=The Hexagon |date=2015 |pages=72–77 |url=http://www.chem.unt.edu/~jimm/REDISCOVERY%207-09-2018/Hexagon%20Articles/rare%20earths%20II.pdf |access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Marshall">{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=James L. Marshall |last2=Marshall |first2=Virginia R. Marshall |title=Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare Earths–The Last Member |journal=The Hexagon |date=2016 |pages=4–9 |url=https://chemistry.unt.edu/sites/default/files/users/owj0001/rare%20earths%20III_0.pdf |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127115101/https://chemistry.unt.edu/sites/default/files/users/owj0001/rare%20earths%20III_0.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights|International Commission on Atomic Weights]], which was then responsible for the attribution of new element names, settled the dispute in 1909 by granting priority to Urbain and adopting his choice for a name, one derived from the Latin ''[[Lutetia]]'' ([[Paris]]). This decision was based on the fact that the separation of lutetium from Marignac's ytterbium was first described by Urbain;<ref name="1st" /> after Urbain's names were recognized, neoytterbium was reverted to ytterbium.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Skelton |first1=Alasdair |last2=Thornton |first2=Brett F. |date=2017 |title=Iterations of ytterbium |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nchem.2755 |journal=Nature Chemistry |volume=9 |issue= 4|pages=402 |doi=10.1038/nchem.2755 |pmid=28338694 |bibcode=2017NatCh...9..402S |access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref> 

The controversy did not end. Confusion over element 72, [[Zirconium]] lead x-ray spectroscopic studies that suggested  Welsbach's 1907 samples of lutetium had been pure, while Urbain's 1907 samples only contained traces of lutetium.<ref name="rare-earth-handbook">{{cite book|last1=Thyssen|first1=Pieter|last2=Binnemans|first2=Koen|editor1-last=Gschneider|editor1-first=Karl A. Jr. |editor2-last=Bünzli|editor2-first=Jean-Claude|editor3-last=Pecharsky|editor3-first=Vitalij K.|chapter=Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table: A Historical Analysis|title=Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths|date=2011|page=63|publisher=Elsevier|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-444-53590-0|oclc=690920513|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8SstnPFSzb0C&pg=PA66|access-date=2013-04-25}}</ref> Charles James, who stayed out of the priority argument, worked on a much larger scale and possessed the largest supply of lutetium at the time.<ref name="Emsley240">{{cite book| pages=240–242| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Yhi5X7OwuGkC&pg=PA241| title =Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements|first =John|last=Emsley| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-850341-5| date=2001}}</ref> Pure lutetium metal was first produced in 1953.<ref name="Emsley240" />