Editing Lucca (section)

===Early modern period===
{{main|Principality of Lucca and Piombino|Duchy of Lucca}}
[[File:Palazzo pfanner, giardini 03.jpg|thumb|left|[[Palazzo Pfanner]], garden view]]
Lucca had been the second largest Italian city state (after [[Venice]]) with a republican constitution ("comune") to remain independent over the centuries.

Between 1799 and 1800, it was contested by the French and Austrian armies. Finally the French prevailed and granted a democratic constitution in the 1801. However, already in 1805 the Republic of Lucca was converted into a monarchy by [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]], who installed his sister [[Elisa Bonaparte|Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi]] as "Princess of Lucca".

From 1815 to 1847, it was a [[Bourbon house|Bourbon-Parma]] [[Duchy of Lucca|duchy]]. The only reigning dukes of Lucca were [[Maria Luisa of Spain, Duchess of Lucca|Maria Luisa of Spain]], who was succeeded by her son [[Charles II, Duke of Parma]] in 1824. Meanwhile, the [[Duchy of Parma]] had been assigned for life to [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma]], the second wife of [[Napoleon]]. In accordance with the [[Treaty of Vienna (1815)]], upon the death of [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma]] in 1847, Parma reverted to [[Charles II, Duke of Parma]], while Lucca lost independence and was annexed to the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]]. As part of Tuscany, it became part of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] in 1860 and finally part of the [[Italy|Italian State]] in 1861.