Editing Louis de Broglie (section)

=== Physics of X-ray and photoelectric effect ===
The first works of Louis de Broglie (early 1920s) were performed in the laboratory of his [[Maurice de Broglie|older brother Maurice]] and dealt with the features of the [[photoelectric effect]] and the properties of [[x-rays]]. These publications examined the absorption of X-rays and described this phenomenon using the [[Bohr theory]], applied quantum principles to the interpretation of [[Photoemission spectroscopy|photoelectron spectra]], and gave a systematic classification of X-ray spectra.<ref name="Abragam" /> The studies of X-ray spectra were important for elucidating the structure of the internal electron shells of atoms (optical spectra are determined by the outer shells). Thus, the results of experiments conducted together with Alexandre Dauvillier, revealed the shortcomings of the existing schemes for the distribution of electrons in atoms; these difficulties were eliminated by [[Edmund Stoner]].<ref>''The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics: The Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics in Historical Perspective''. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1974. {{ISBN|0-471-43958-4}}</ref> Another result was the elucidation of the insufficiency of the Sommerfeld formula for determining the position of lines in X-ray spectra; this discrepancy was eliminated after the discovery of the electron spin. In 1925 and 1926, Leningrad physicist [[Orest Khvolson]] nominated the de Broglie brothers for the Nobel Prize for their work in the field of X-rays.<ref name="Nye" />