Editing Louis Philippe I (section)

==Exile (1793–1815)==
[[File:Winterhalter - Louis-Philippe d'Orléans duc de Chartres (futur roi Louis-Philippe) à Reichenau.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Early in his exile, Louis Philippe was a teacher of geography, history, mathematics and modern languages, at a boys' boarding school in [[Reichenau, Switzerland]].]]

The reaction in Paris to Louis Philippe's involvement in Dumouriez's treason inevitably resulted in misfortunes for the Orléans family. Philippe Égalité spoke in the [[National Convention]], condemning his son for his actions, asserting that he would not spare his son, much akin to the Roman consul [[Lucius Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and his sons. However, letters from Louis Philippe to his father were discovered in transit and were read out to the Convention. Philippe Égalité was then put under continuous surveillance. Shortly thereafter, the [[Girondists]] moved to arrest him and the two younger brothers of Louis Philippe, [[Louis-Charles, Count of Beaujolais|Louis-Charles]] and [[Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier|Antoine Philippe]]; the latter had been serving in the [[Army of Italy (France)|Army of Italy]]. The three were interned in [[Fort Saint-Jean (Marseille)]].

Meanwhile, Louis Philippe was forced to live in the shadows, avoiding both pro-Republican revolutionaries and [[Legitimist]] French ''[[French emigration (1789–1815)|émigré]]'' centres in various parts of Europe and also in the Austrian army. He first moved to [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Switzerland]] under an assumed name, and met up with the Countess of Genlis and his sister [[Louise Marie Adélaïde Eugénie d'Orléans|Adélaïde]] at [[Schaffhausen]]. From there they went to [[Zürich]], where the Swiss authorities decreed that to protect Swiss neutrality, Louis Philippe would have to leave the city. They went to [[Zug]], where Louis Philippe was discovered by a group of ''émigrés''.

It became quite apparent that for the women to settle peacefully anywhere, they would have to separate from Louis Philippe. He then left with his faithful valet Baudouin for the heights of the [[Alps]], and then to [[Basel]], where he sold all but one of his horses. Now moving from town to town throughout Switzerland, he and Baudouin found themselves very much exposed to all the distresses of extended travelling. They were refused entry to a monastery by monks who believed them to be young vagabonds. Another time, he woke up after spending a night in a barn to find himself at the far end of a musket, confronted by a man attempting to keep away thieves.

Throughout this period, Louis Philippe never stayed in one place more than 48 hours. Finally, in October 1793, Louis Philippe was appointed a teacher of geography, history, mathematics and modern languages, at a boys' boarding school. The school, owned by a Monsieur Jost, was in [[Reichenau, Switzerland|Reichenau]], a village on the upper Rhine in the then independent [[Three Leagues|Grisons league]] state, now part of Switzerland. His salary was 1,400 francs and he taught under the name ''Monsieur Chabos''. He had been at the school for a month when he heard the news from Paris: his father had been [[guillotine]]d on 6 November 1793 after a trial before the Revolutionary Tribunal.

===Travel===
[[Image:Louis-Philippe duc d'Orléans d'après Sharpless (1797).jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of Louis Philippe (age 25) at the time of his stay in New York City (1797), originally painted by [[James Sharples (portrait painter)|James Sharples]]]]

After Louis Philippe left Reichenau, he separated the now 16-year-old Adélaïde from the Countess of Genlis, who had fallen out with Louis Philippe. Adélaïde went to live with her great-aunt the [[Maria Fortunata d'Este|Princess of Conti]] at [[Fribourg]], then to [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526-1867)|Hungary]] and, finally, to her mother, who was exiled in Spain. Louis Philippe travelled extensively. He visited Scandinavia in 1795 and then moved on to Finland. For about a year he stayed in [[Muonio]], a remote village in the valley of the [[Tornio river]] in [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]]. He lived in the [[rectory]] under the name Müller, as a guest of the local [[Lutheran]] vicar. While visiting Muonio, he supposedly fathered a child with Beata Caisa Wahlborn (1766–1830) called Erik Kolstrøm (1796–1879).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1981-09-12 |title=Kom Inn! (NRK-TV Norsk Rikskringkasting) |url=https://tv.nrk.no/serie/kom-inn/FUHA02006881/12-09-1981#t=8m39s |website=tv.nrk.no}}</ref>

[[File:Somerindyke estate on Bloomingdale Road, near 75th St; Interior of Somerindyke House, in which Louis Philippe (late king of the French) taught school (NYPL b13476048-422069).jpg|thumb|Somerindyke estate on Bloomingdale Road, near 75th St.]]
Louis Philippe visited the [[United States]] ({{Circa | 1796}} to 1798), staying in [[Philadelphia]] (where his brothers [[Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier|Antoine]] and [[Louis-Charles, Count of Beaujolais|Louis Charles]] were in exile), [[New York City]] (where he most likely stayed at the [[Somerindyck House|Somerindyck family estate]] on Broadway north of modern 75th Street with other exiled princes), and [[Boston]]. In Boston, he taught French for a time and lived in lodgings over what is now the [[Union Oyster House]], Boston's oldest restaurant. During his time in the United States, Louis Philippe met with American politicians and people of high society, including [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]], [[John Jay]], [[Alexander Hamilton]], and [[George Washington]].

Louis Philippe's visit to [[Cape Cod]] in 1797 coincided with the division of the town of Eastham into two towns, one of which took the name of Orleans, possibly in his honour. During their sojourn, the Orléans princes travelled throughout the country, as far south as [[Nashville]] and as far north as [[Maine]]. The brothers were even held in Philadelphia briefly during an outbreak of [[yellow fever]]. Louis Philippe is also thought to have met Isaac Snow of [[Orleans, Massachusetts|Orleans]], Massachusetts, who had escaped to France from a British [[prison hulk]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. In 1839, while reflecting on his visit to the United States, Louis Philippe explained in a letter to [[François Guizot]] that his three years there had a large influence on his political beliefs and judgments when he became king.

In Boston, Louis Philippe learned of the [[coup of 18 Fructidor]] (4 September 1797) and of the exile of his mother to Spain. He and his brothers then decided to return to Europe. They went to [[New Orleans]], planning to sail to [[Havana]] and thence to Spain. This, however, was a troubled journey, as Spain and [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] were then [[Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)|at war]]. While in [[Louisiana (New Spain)|colonial Louisiana]] in 1798, they were entertained by [[Julien Poydras]] in the town of [[Point Coupee, Louisiana|Pointe Coupée]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saucier |first=Corinne L. |title=History of Avoyelles Parish |date=1943 |page=27}}</ref> as well as by the [[Bernard de Marigny#Early life|Marigny de Mandeville]] family in New Orleans.

The three brothers sailed for Havana in an American [[corvette]], but a British warship intercepted their ship in the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. The British seized the brothers, but took them to Havana anyway. Unable to find passage to Europe, the brothers spent a year in Cuba (from spring 1798 to autumn 1799), until they were unexpectedly expelled by the Spanish authorities. They sailed via [[the Bahamas]] to [[Nova Scotia]], where they were received by the [[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn|Duke of Kent]], son of [[King George III]] and (later) father of [[Queen Victoria]]. Louis Philippe struck up a lasting friendship with the British prince. Eventually, the brothers sailed back to New York, and in January 1800, they arrived in England, where they stayed for the next fifteen years. During these years, Louis Philippe taught mathematics and geography at the now-defunct [[Great Ealing School]], reckoned, in its 19th-century heyday, to be "the best private school in England".<ref>Compare: {{Cite web |title=Ealing and Brentford: Education |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol7/pp162-170 |website=British History Online |quote=Great Ealing school was founded in 1698. ... A Mr. Pierce was succeeded as master in 1768 by his son-in-law the Revd. Richard Badcock Shury, rector of Perivale, whose son-in-law the Revd. David Nicholas became headmaster in 1791. Nicholas (d. 1829) and his sons the Revd. George, who left in 1837, and the Revd. Francis Nicholas spent large sums on buildings and achieved a wide reputation. ... The curriculum was that of a public school, ... and Louis-Philippe, later king of the French, taught geography and mathematics there in the early 19th century.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Adkins |first=Lesley |title=Empires of the Plain: Henry Rawlinson and the Lost Languages of Babylon |date=2004 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-3123-3002-6 |ol=9691791M |author-link=Lesley Adkins |orig-date=2003}}{{Page needed|date=April 2022}}</ref>

=== In British service ===
Louis Philippe and his brothers were not officially received as royals at the British court, but they were able to blend in socially with the English aristocracy, and by November 1801 Louis Philippe admitted to his brothers that he was "putting down roots in the country".{{sfn|Antonetti|1994|pp=350–351}} By October 1803, his new loyalties led to a clash with [[Charles X of France|Charles Philippe, Count of Artois]] (the future king Charles X), when he wore the [[House of Hanover|Hanoverian]] black [[cockade]] in place of the French white cockade on inspecting French royalist volunteer troops in London.{{sfn|Antonetti|1994|pp=351–354}} In July 1804, he wrote to the [[Bishop of Llandaff]] that global security and the future of humankind depended on England's resistance to [[Napoleon]].{{sfn|Antonetti|1994|pp=355–356}} In the summer of 1807, he moved his residence from [[Twickenham]] to the Duke of Kent's [[Castle Hill Lodge]].{{sfn|Antonetti|1994|p=359}}

[[File:Marie Amélie, Duchess of Orléans with her son the Duke of Chartres.jpg|thumb|[[Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily|Maria Amalia, Duchess of Orléans]], with her son [[Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans|Ferdinand Philippe]]]]

In 1808, Louis Philippe proposed to [[Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom|Princess Elizabeth]], daughter of King George III. His Catholicism and the opposition of her mother, [[Queen Charlotte]], meant the Princess reluctantly declined the offer.<ref name="odnb">{{ODNBsub|last=Purdue |first=A.W.|title=George III, Daughters of (act. 1766–1857) |id=59209 |date=2004 }}</ref>

On 15 April 1808, Louis Philippe departed from [[Portsmouth]] for [[Palermo]] in the then British protectorate of Sicily via [[Gibraltar]], [[Cagliari]], [[Valletta]] (where his sole surviving brother, Louis Charles, died) and [[Messina]], arriving on 20 June. He remained in Sicily in the pay of the British [[Foreign Office]] until the Bourbon [[First Restoration]] in 1814; he was last remunerated at the discretion of [[Charles Ashe à Court-Repington|Lord A'Court]], the British representative in Palermo, after July 1814.{{sfn|Antonetti|1994|pp=362, 365, 382–383, 416–417, 447}} In his role as a British agent, he initially prepared for a mission in [[New Spain|Mexico]], where he was to act as the military adviser to [[Leopold, Prince of Salerno]] in inciting an anti-French rebellion with British naval support.{{sfn|Antonetti|1994|pp=364–369}} After the news of the outbreak of the [[Peninsular War]] reached Sicily in July 1808, he sailed for Gibraltar of his own initiative with the prince, but was directed to London and prohibited entry into Spain on pain of losing his allowance.{{sfn|Antonetti|1994|pp=369–377}} He passed the winter in Malta and returned to Sicily in March 1809 upon receiving British authorisation for a military campaign in Italy against [[Joachim Murat]], but instead he spent two months in Cagliari (from April to June 1809) trying to persuade [[Victor Emmanuel I]] to launch an attack against Napoleon in the [[Po Valley]].{{sfn|Antonetti|1994|pp=377–381}} During this time, he finally gave up on marrying Princess Elizabeth and unsuccessfully lobbied the Bourbons of Sicily to obtain the [[Ionian Islands]] as a principality for himself.{{sfn|Antonetti|1994|pp=378–379}}

On 25 November 1809, Louis Philippe married Princess [[Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily]], daughter of King [[Ferdinand IV of Naples]] and [[Maria Carolina of Austria]], in Palermo. The marriage was controversial because her mother's younger sister was Queen [[Marie Antoinette]], and Louis Philippe's father was considered to have a role in Marie Antoinette's execution. The Queen of Naples was opposed to the match for this reason. She had been very close to her sister and devastated by her execution, but she had given her consent after Louis Philippe had convinced her that he was determined to compensate for the mistakes of his father, and after having agreed to answer all her questions regarding his father.<ref name="Marie Amelie">Dyson. C.C, ''The Life of Marie Amelie Last Queen of the French, 1782–1866'', BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008.</ref>