Editing Louis I of Hungary (section)

=== Expansion (1350–1358)===
{{See also|Privilege of Buda}}
[[File:Louis I (Chronica Hungarorum).jpg|thumb|Louis I as depicted in the ''[[Chronica Hungarorum]]'']]
Casimir III of Poland urged Louis to intervene in his war with the Lithuanians who had occupied [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]], [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]], and other important towns in [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia|Halych and Lodomeria]] in the previous years.{{sfn|Housley|1984|p=194}}{{sfn|Knoll|1972|pp=146–147, 148}} The two monarchs agreed that Halych and Lodomeria would be integrated into the Kingdom of Hungary after Casimir's death.{{sfn|Lukowski|Zawadski|2006|p=30}} Casimir also authorized Louis to redeem the two realms for 100,000 florins if Casimir fathered a son.{{sfn|Spinei|1986|p=184}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=167}} Louis led his army to Kraków in June 1351.{{sfn|Knoll|1972|p=148}} Because Casimir fell ill, Louis became the sole commander of the united Polish and Hungarian army.{{sfn|Knoll|1972|p=148}} He invaded the lands of the Lithuanian prince, [[Kęstutis]], in July.{{sfn|Knoll|1972|p=148}} Kęstutis seemingly accepted Louis's suzerainty on 15 August and agreed to be baptised, along with his brothers, in Buda.{{sfn|Knoll|1972|p=148}} However, Kęstutis did nothing to fulfill his promises after Polish and Hungarian troops were withdrawn.{{sfn|Knoll|1972|p=148}} In an attempt to capture Kęstutis, Louis returned, but he could not defeat the Lithuanians, who even killed one of his allies, [[Bolesław III of Płock|Boleslaus III of Płock]], in battle.{{sfn|Knoll|1972|p=148}} Louis returned to Buda before 13 September.{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=212}} A papal legate visited Louis to persuade him to wage war against [[Stefan Dušan]], [[Emperor of the Serbs]], who had forced his Roman Catholic subjects to be [[rebaptism|re-baptised]] and join the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]].{{sfn|Kristó|1988|p=131}}

To deal with the grievances of the Hungarian noblemen, Louis held a [[Diet (assembly)|Diet]] in late 1351.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=181}} He confirmed all but one of the provisions of the [[Golden Bull of 1222]], declaring that all noblemen enjoyed the same liberties in his realms.{{sfn|Cartledge|2011|p=39}}{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=97}} He rejected only the provision that authorized noblemen who died without a son to freely bequeath their estates.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=177}} Instead, he introduced an [[Fee tail|entail]] system, prescribing that the estates of a nobleman who had no male descendants passed to his kinsmen, or if there were no male relatives to the Crown, upon his death.{{clarify|date=November 2015}}{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=97}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=177}} At the same Diet, Louis ordered that all landowners were to collect the "ninth", that is one tenth of specified agricultural products, from the peasants who held plots on their estates.{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=99}} On the other hand, he confirmed the right of all peasants to freely move to another landowner's estates.{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=39}}

[[File:Lajos I florint 768761.jpg|thumb |left |alt=Louis's coat-of-arms (Árpád strips and Capetian fleurs-de-lis; a bearded old man |Louis I's golden [[florin]], minted in the 1350s, depicting King [[Ladislaus I of Hungary|Saint Ladislaus]]]]

The "general accord" between Louis and the royal couple of Naples "was accepted by both sides" during 1351, according to the contemporaneous [[Niccolò Acciaioli]].{{sfn|Goldstone|2009|p=176}} Joanna I and her husband returned to the Kingdom of Naples and Louis's troops were withdrawn.{{sfn|Goldstone|2009|p=176}} Louis even renounced the ransom that Joanna I had promised to pay for the liberation of the imprisoned Neapolitan princes, stating that he had not gone to "war for greed, but to avenge the death of his brother".{{sfn|Goldstone|2009|p=177}} Louis continued to use the titles of his grandfather, [[Charles Martel of Anjou]] (the firstborn son of Charles II of Naples), styling himself as "[[Prince of Salerno]] and lord of [[Monte Sant'Angelo]]".{{sfn|Dümmerth|1982|p=417}}

Casimir III laid siege to [[Belz]] and Louis joined his uncle in March 1352.{{sfn|Knoll|1972|p=150}} During the siege, which ended without the surrender of the fort, Louis was heavily injured in his head.{{sfn|Kristó|2002|pp=128–129}}{{sfn|Knoll|1972|p=151}} [[Algirdas]], [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]], hired Tatar mercenaries who stormed into [[Podolia]], Louis returned to Hungary because he feared a Tatar invasion of Transylvania.{{sfn|Knoll|1972|p=151}} Pope Clement proclaimed a crusade against the Lithuanians and the Tatars in May, authorizing Louis to collect a tithe from Church revenues during the next four years.{{sfn|Housley|1984|p=194}} The pope stated that he had never "granted a tenth of such duration", emphasizing the link between his magnanimity and the release of the imprisoned Neapolitan princes.{{sfn|Housley|1984|p=195}} The pope also authorized Louis to seize the pagans' and schismatics' lands bordering on his kingdom.{{sfn|Housley|1984|p=195}}

Although Louis signed an alliance with the [[Republic of Genoa]] in October 1352, he did not intervene in the [[Venetian–Genoese Wars#War of 1350–1355|Genoese–Venetian War]], because his truce of 1349 with Venice was still in force.{{sfn|Kristó|1988|pp=130–131}} Louis married [[Elizabeth of Bosnia]], who was the daughter of his vassal, [[Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia|Stephen II]], in 1353.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=281}} Historian [[Gyula Kristó]] says that this marriage showed Louis's renewed interest in the affairs of the [[Balkan Peninsula]].{{sfn|Kristó|2002|p=59}} While he was hunting in [[Zólyom County]] (now in Slovakia) in late November 1353, a [[brown bear]] attacked him, inflicting 24 wounds on his legs.{{sfn|Kristó|1988|p=132}} Louis's life was saved by a knight of the court, John Besenyő, who killed the beast with his sword.{{sfn|Kristó|1988|p=132}}
[[File:Hrvatska u 14. st.jpg|thumb|270px|Croatian lands ruled by Louis in the middle of the 14th century{{dubious|reason=The maps presents regions without making a distinction between "Croatian" lands (whatever it means in context) and "non-Croatian" lands|date=July 2022}}]]
According to Matteo Villani, Louis launched an expedition against the Golden Horde at the head of an army of 200,000 horsemen in April 1354.{{sfn|Kristó|1988|pp=134, 269}} The young Tatar ruler, whom historian Iván Bertényi identified as [[Jani Beg]], did not want to wage war against Hungary and agreed to sign a peace treaty.{{sfn|Kristó|1988|p=134}}{{sfn|Bertényi|1989|p=102}} Although no other primary source mentioned that campaign and treaty, the Tatars made no plundering raids in Transylvania after 1354, which suggests that Villani's report is reliable.{{sfn|Kristó|1988|p=134}} In the same year, Louis invaded Serbia, [[Stefan Dušan]] successfully repelled the invasion, preserving, or even extending his original borders in the north.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=334}} Under pressure, Dušan initiated negotiations with the Holy See for acknowledgement of the [[Primacy of the Bishop of Rome|popes' primacy]].{{sfn|Housley|1984|p=195}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=334}} Peace with Dušan was concluded in May 1355.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=334}} The following year, Louis sent reinforcements to Casimir III to fight against the Lithuanians, and Hungarian troops supported [[Albert II, Duke of Austria]], against [[Zürich]].{{sfn|Kristó|1988|pp=136–137}} The Venetian delegates offered Louis 6–7,000 golden [[ducat]]s as a compensation for Dalmatia, but Louis refused to give up his plan to reconquer the province.{{sfn|Kristó|1988|p=137}} He signed an alliance with Albert II of Austria and [[Nicolaus of Luxemburg]], [[Patriarch of Aquileia]], against Venice.{{sfn|Kristó|1988|p=137}} Upon his order, Croatian lords besieged and captured [[Klis]], a Dalmatian fortress that Stefan Dušan's sister, [[Jelena Nemanjić Šubić|Jelena]], had inherited from her husband, [[Mladen III Šubić|Mladen Šubić]].{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=341}}

[[File:HAZU 72 17 lipnja 2008.jpg|thumb|alt=A bishop surrounded by people on their knees receive a bearded man wearing a crown in the port|The citizens of [[Zadar]] receive Louis (embossment on a contemporaneous [[reliquary]])]]
[[File:Peace-treaty of Zadar 1358.JPG|thumb|Peace-[[treaty of Zadar]]]]
In summer 1356, Louis invaded Venetian territories without a formal declaration of war.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=341}}{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=214}} He laid siege to [[Treviso]] on 27 July.{{sfn|Kristó|1988|p=138}} A local nobleman, Giuliano Baldachino, noticed that Louis sat alone while writing his letters on the banks of [[Sile River]] on each morning.{{sfn|Bertényi|1989|p=102}} Baldachino proposed the Venetians to assassinate him in exchange for 12,000 golden florins and [[Castelfranco Veneto]], but they refused his offer because he did not share the details of his plans with them.{{sfn|Bertényi|1989|pp=62–63}} Louis returned to Buda in the autumn, but his troops continued the siege.{{sfn|Kristó|1988|p=139}} [[Pope Innocent VI]] urged the Venetians to make a peace with Hungary.{{sfn|Housley|1984|p=197}} The pope made Louis the "standard-bearer of the Church" and granted him a three-year tithe to [[Crusade against Francesco Ordelaffi|fight against Francesco II Ordelaffi]] and other rebellious lords in the [[Papal States]].{{sfn|Housley|1984|p=197}} Louis sent an army under Nicholas Lackfi's command to support the pope's troops in Italy.{{sfn|Kristó|1988|p=140}}

Louis marched to Dalmatia in July 1357.{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=215}} [[Split, Croatia|Split]], [[Trogir]], and [[Šibenik]] soon got rid of Venetian governors and yielded to Louis.{{sfn|Magaš|2007|p=60}} After a short siege, Louis's army also captured Zadar with the assistance of its townspeople.{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=212}} [[Tvrtko I of Bosnia]], who had succeeded Louis's father-in-law in 1353, surrendered western [[Zachlumia|Hum]] to Louis, who claimed that territory as his wife's dowry.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=369}} In the [[Treaty of Zadar]], which was signed on 18 February 1358,{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=215}} the Republic of Venice renounced all Dalmatian towns and islands between the [[Gulf of Kvarner]] and [[Durrës|Durazzo]] in favor of Louis.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=341}} The [[Republic of Ragusa]] also accepted Louis's suzerainty.{{sfn|Magaš|2007|p=61}} The Dalmatian towns remained self-governing communities, owing only a yearly tribute and naval service to Louis, who also abolished all commercial restrictions that had been introduced during the Venetians' rule.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=341}} The merchants of Ragusa were explicitly entitled to freely trade in [[Serbia]] even during a war between Hungary and Serbia.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=341–342}}