Editing Long Parliament (section)

==Rump Parliament (6 December 1648&nbsp;– 20 April 1653)==
[[Image:CromwellDissolvingLongParliament.jpg|thumb|right|[[Oliver Cromwell]] dissolving the Long Parliament.]]
{{Main|Rump Parliament}}
Divisions emerged between various factions, culminating in [[Pride's Purge]] on 7 December 1648, when, under the orders of [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s son-in-law [[Henry Ireton]], [[Thomas Pride|Colonel Pride]] physically barred and arrested 41 of the members of Parliament. Many of the excluded members were [[Presbyterian]]s. Henry Vane the Younger removed himself from Parliament in protest of this unlawful action by Ireton. He was not party to the execution of Charles I, although Cromwell was. In the wake of the ejections, the remnant, the ''Rump Parliament'', arranged for the [[Execution of Charles I|trial and execution of Charles I]] on 30 January 1649. It was also responsible for the setting up of the [[Commonwealth of England]] in 1649.

Henry Vane the Younger was persuaded to rejoin Parliament on 17 February 1649 and a Council of state was installed, into whose hands the executive government of the nation was committed. Sir Henry Vane was appointed a member of the Council. Cromwell took great pains to induce Vane to accept the appointment, and after many consultations, he so far prevailed in satisfying Vane of the purity of his principles in reference to the Commonwealth, as to overcome his reluctance again to enter the public service. Sir Henry Vane was for some time President of the Council, and, as Treasurer and Commissioner for the Navy, he had almost the exclusive direction of that branch of public service.{{sfn|Upham|1842|pp=230–231}}

Cromwell "well knew that while the Long Parliament, that noble company, who had fought the great battle of liberty from the beginning, remained in session, and such men as Vane were enabled to mingle in its deliberations, it would be utterly useless for him to think of executing his purposes" (to set up a Protectorate or Dictatorship). Henry Vane was working on a Reform Bill. Cromwell knew "that if the Reform Bill should be suffered to pass, and a House of Commons be convened, freely elected on popular principles, and constituting a full and fair and equal representation, it would be impossible ever after to overthrow the liberties of the people, or break down the government of the country". According to General [[Edmund Ludlow]] (an unapologetic supporter of the [[Good Old Cause]] who lived in [[Edmund Ludlow#Exile after the Restoration|exile after the Restoration]]), this reform bill provided for an equal representation of the people, disfranchised several boroughs which had ceased to have a population in proportion to representation, fixed the number of the House at four hundred".{{sfn|Upham|1842|p=240}}  It would have "secured to England and to the rest of the world the blessings of republican institutions, two centuries earlier than can now be expected".{{sfn|Upham|1842|p=240}}

"Harrison, who was in Cromwell's confidence on this occasion, rose to debate the motion, merely in order to gain time. Word was carried to Cromwell, that the House were on the point of putting the final motion; and Colonel Ingoldby hastened to Whitehall to tell him, that, if he intended to do anything decisive, he had no time to lose". Once the troops were in place Cromwell entered the assembly. He was dressed in a suit of plain black; with grey worsted stockings. He took his seat; and appeared to be listening to the debate. As the Speaker was about to rise to put the question, Cromwell whispered to Harrison, "Now is the time; I must do it". As he rose, his countenance became flushed and blacked by the terrific passions which the crisis awakened. With the most reckless violence of manner and language, he abused the character of the House; and, after the first burst of his denunciations had passed, suddenly changing his tone, he exclaimed, "You think, perhaps, this is not parliamentary language; I know it; nor are you to expect such from me". He then advanced out into the middle of the hall, and walked to and fro, like a man beside himself. In a few moments he stamped upon the floor, the doors flew open and a file of musketeers entered. As they advanced, Cromwell exclaimed, looking over the House, "You are no Parliament; I say you are no Parliament; begone, and give place to honester men".{{sfn|Upham|1842|pp=241–242}}

"While this extraordinary scene was transacting, the members, hardly believing their own ears and eyes, sat in mute amazement, horror, and pity of the maniac traitor who was storming and raving before them. At length Vane rose to remonstrate, and call him to his senses; but Cromwell, instead of listening to him, drowned his voice, repeating with great vehemence, and as though with the desperate excitement of the moment, "Sir Harry Vane! Sir Harry Vane! Good Lord deliver me from Sir Harry Vane!" He then seized the records, snatched the bill from the hands of the clerk, drove the members out at the point of the bayonet, locked the doors, put the key in his pocket, and returned to Whitehall.{{sfn|Upham|1842|pp=242–243}}

Oliver Cromwell forcibly disbanded the Rump in 1653 when it seemed to be planning to perpetuate itself rather than call new elections as had been agreed. It was followed by [[Barebone's Parliament]] and then the [[First Protectorate Parliament|First]], [[Second Protectorate Parliament|Second]] and [[Third Protectorate Parliament]]s.