Editing Local anesthetic (section)

=== Surgery ===
Virtually every part of the body can be anesthetized using conduction anesthesia. However, only a limited number of techniques are in common clinical use. Sometimes, conduction anesthesia is combined with [[general anesthesia]] or [[sedation]] for the patient's comfort and ease of surgery. However, many anesthetists, surgeons, patients and nurses believe that it is safer to perform major surgeries under local anesthesia than general anesthesia.<ref name="pmid19918020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bodenham AR, Howell SJ | title = General anaesthesia vs local anaesthesia: an ongoing story | journal = British Journal of Anaesthesia | volume = 103 | issue = 6 | pages = 785–789 | date = December 2009 | pmid = 19918020 | doi = 10.1093/bja/aep310 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Typical operations performed under conduction anesthesia include:
{| {{table}}
! Type of surgery
! Purposes or procedures
|-
|[[Dentistry]]
|[[topical anesthesia]] (surface anesthesia), [[infiltration anesthesia]] and [[intraligamentary anesthesia]] during restorative operations such as fillings, crowns, and root canals,<ref name="Torpy2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Torpy JM, Lynm C, Golub RM | title = JAMA patient page. Local anesthesia | journal = JAMA | volume = 306 | issue = 12 | pages = 1395 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21954483 | doi = 10.1001/jama.306.12.1395 | doi-access = free}}</ref> or extractions, and regional nerve blocks during extractions and surgeries
|-
|[[Podiatry]]<br>(surgery of feet, ankles, and legs)
|[[cutaneous anesthesia]], [[nail avulsion]]s, [[matricectomy]], [[bunionectomy]], [[hammertoe repair]]<ref name="Torpy2011" /> and various other podiatric procedures
|-
|[[Eye surgery]]
|surface anesthesia with [[topical anesthetic]]s or [[retrobulbar block]] during cataract removal or other ophthalmic procedures<ref name="Torpy2011" />
|-
|[[Head and neck surgery]]<br>(ENT operations)
|infiltration anesthesia, field blocks, or peripheral nerve blocks, [[plexus anesthesia]]
|-
|[[Shoulder surgery]]<br>[[Arm surgery]]
|plexus anesthesia or intravenous regional anesthesia<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brown AR, Weiss R, Greenberg C, Flatow EL, Bigliani LU | title = Interscalene block for shoulder arthroscopy: comparison with general anesthesia | journal = Arthroscopy | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 295–300 | year = 1993 | pmid = 8323615 | doi = 10.1016/S0749-8063(05)80425-6 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Cardiac surgery]] (heart surgery)<br>[[Pulmonary surgery]] (lung surgery)
|epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia
|-
|[[Abdominal surgery]]
|epidural anesthesia or [[spinal anesthesia]], often combined with general anesthesia during inguinal hernia repair or other abdominal surgery<ref name="Torpy2011" />
|-
|[[Gynecological surgery]]<br>[[Obstetric surgery]]<br>[[Urological surgery]] 
|spinal anesthesia or epidural anesthesia
|-
|[[Bone surgery]] and [[joint surgery]] of the [[pelvis]], [[hip]], and [[leg]] 
|spinal anaesthesia or epidural anesthesia, peripheral nerve blocks, or intravenous regional anesthesia
|-
|[[Skin surgery]] and [[peripheral vascular surgery]]
|[[topical anesthesia]], [[field block]]s, peripheral nerve blocks, spinal anesthesia or epidural anesthesia<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Flaherty |first1=James |last2=Horn |first2=Jean-Louis |last3=Derby |first3=Ryan |date=September 2014 |title=Regional anesthesia for vascular surgery |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25113725/ |journal=Anesthesiology Clinics |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=639–659 |doi=10.1016/j.anclin.2014.05.002 |issn=1932-2275 |pmid=25113725}}</ref>
|}