Editing Livermorium (section)

=== Road to confirmation ===
Two further atoms were reported by the institute during their second experiment during April–May 2001.<ref name="03Pa01">[https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/302186.pdf "Confirmed results of the <sup>248</sup>Cm(<sup>48</sup>Ca,4n)<sup>292</sup>116 experiment"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130164119/https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/302186.pdf |date=2016-01-30 }}, ''Patin et al.'', ''LLNL report (2003)''. Retrieved 2008-03-03</ref> In the same experiment they also detected a decay chain which corresponded to the first observed decay of [[flerovium]] in December 1998, which had been assigned to <sup>289</sup>Fl.<ref name="03Pa01" /> No flerovium isotope with the same properties as the one found in December 1998 has ever been observed again, even in repeats of the same reaction. Later it was found that <sup>289</sup>Fl has different decay properties and that the first observed flerovium atom may have been its [[nuclear isomer]] <sup>289m</sup>Fl.<ref name="00Og01" /><ref name="04OgJINRPP">{{cite journal|last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts. |last2=Utyonkov |first2=V. K. |date=2004 |title=Measurements of cross sections and decay properties of the isotopes of elements 112, 114, and 116 produced in the fusion reactions <sup>233,238</sup>U, <sup>242</sup>Pu, and <sup>248</sup>Cm + <sup>48</sup>Ca |url=http://www.jinr.ru/publish/Preprints/2004/160(E7-2004-160).pdf |journal=[[Physical Review C]] |volume=70 |issue=6 |page=064609 |bibcode=2004PhRvC..70f4609O |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.70.064609 |last3=Lobanov |first3=Yu. |last4=Abdullin |first4=F. |last5=Polyakov |first5=A. |last6=Shirokovsky |first6=I. |last7=Tsyganov |first7=Yu. |last8=Gulbekian |first8=G. |last9=Bogomolov |first9=S. |last10=Gikal |first10=B. |last11=Mezentsev |first11=A. |last12=Iliev |first12=S. |last13=Subbotin |first13=V. |last14=Sukhov |first14=A. |last15=Voinov |first15=A. |last16=Buklanov |first16=G. |last17=Subotic |first17=K. |last18=Zagrebaev |first18=V. |last19=Itkis |first19=M. |last20=Patin |first20=J. |last21=Moody |first21=K. |last22=Wild |first22=J. |last23=Stoyer |first23=M. |last24=Stoyer |first24=N. |last25=Shaughnessy |first25=D. |last26=Kenneally |first26=J. |last27=Wilk |first27=P. |last28=Lougheed |first28=R. |last29=Il'Kaev |first29=R. |last30=Vesnovskii |first30=S. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528130343/http://www.jinr.ru/publish/Preprints/2004/160%28E7-2004-160%29.pdf |archive-date=May 28, 2008 }}</ref> The observation of <sup>289m</sup>Fl in this series of experiments may indicate the formation of a parent isomer of livermorium, namely <sup>293m</sup>Lv, or a rare and previously unobserved decay branch of the already-discovered state <sup>293</sup>Lv to <sup>289m</sup>Fl. Neither possibility is certain, and research is required to positively assign this activity. Another possibility suggested is the assignment of the original December 1998 atom to <sup>290</sup>Fl, as the low beam energy used in that original experiment makes the 2n channel plausible; its parent could then conceivably be <sup>294</sup>Lv, but this assignment would still need confirmation in the <sup>248</sup>Cm(<sup>48</sup>Ca,2n)<sup>294</sup>Lv reaction.<ref name="00Og01" /><ref name="04OgJINRPP" /><ref name="Hofmann2016">{{cite journal |last1=Hofmann |first1=S. |last2=Heinz |first2=S. |first3=R. |last3=Mann |first4=J. |last4=Maurer |first5=G. |last5=Münzenberg |first6=S. |last6=Antalic |first7=W. |last7=Barth |first8=H. G. |last8=Burkhard |first9=L. |last9=Dahl |first10=K. |last10=Eberhardt |first11=R. |last11=Grzywacz |first12=J. H. |last12=Hamilton |first13=R. A. |last13=Henderson |first14=J. M. |last14=Kenneally |first15=B. |last15=Kindler |first16=I. |last16=Kojouharov |first17=R. |last17=Lang |first18=B. |last18=Lommel |first19=K. |last19=Miernik |first20=D. |last20=Miller |first21=K. J. |last21=Moody |first22=K. |last22=Morita |first23=K. |last23=Nishio |first24=A. G. |last24=Popeko |first25=J. B. |last25=Roberto |first26=J. |last26=Runke |first27=K. P. |last27=Rykaczewski |first28=S. |last28=Saro |first29=C. |last29=Scheidenberger |first30=H. J. |last30=Schött |first31=D. A. |last31=Shaughnessy |first32=M. A. |last32=Stoyer |first33=P. |last33=Thörle-Popiesch |first34=K. |last34=Tinschert |first35=N. |last35=Trautmann |first36=J. |last36=Uusitalo |first37=A. V. |last37=Yeremin |date=2016 |title=Review of even element super-heavy nuclei and search for element 120 |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=2016 |issue=52 |page=180 |doi=10.1140/epja/i2016-16180-4|bibcode=2016EPJA...52..180H |s2cid=124362890 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/897926 }}</ref>

The team repeated the experiment in April–May 2005 and detected 8 atoms of livermorium. The measured decay data confirmed the assignment of the first-discovered [[isotope]] as <sup>293</sup>Lv. In this run, the team also observed the isotope <sup>292</sup>Lv for the first time.<ref name="04Og01">{{cite journal|title=Measurements of cross sections and decay properties of the isotopes of elements 112, 114, and 116 produced in the fusion reactions <sup>233,238</sup>U, <sup>242</sup>Pu, and <sup>248</sup>Cm+<sup>48</sup>Ca|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.70.064609|year=2004|journal=Physical Review C|volume=70|page=064609|last1=Oganessian|first1=Yu. Ts.|last2=Utyonkov|first2=V.|last3=Lobanov|first3=Yu.|last4=Abdullin|first4=F.|last5=Polyakov|first5=A.|last6=Shirokovsky|first6=I.|last7=Tsyganov|first7=Yu.|last8=Gulbekian|first8=G.|last9=Bogomolov|first9=S.|first10=B. N. |last10=Gikal|first11=A. N. |last11=Mezentsev|first12=S. |last12=Iliev|first13=V. G. |last13=Subbotin|first14=A. M. |last14=Sukhov|first15=A. A. |last15=Voinov|first16=G. V. |last16=Buklanov|first17=K. |last17=Subotic|first18=V. I. |last18=Zagrebaev|first19=M. G. |last19=Itkis|first20=J. B. |last20=Patin|first21=K. J. |last21=Moody|first22=J. F. |last22=Wild|first23=M. A. |last23=Stoyer|first24=N. J. |last24=Stoyer|first25=D. A. |last25=Shaughnessy|first26=J. M. |last26=Kenneally|first27=P. A. |last27=Wilk|first28=R. W. |last28=Lougheed|first29=R. I. |last29=Il'kaev|first30=S. P. |last30=Vesnovskii|display-authors=10|bibcode = 2004PhRvC..70f4609O|issue=6|url=http://www1.jinr.ru/Preprints/2004/160(E7-2004-160).pdf}}</ref> In further experiments from 2004 to 2006, the team replaced the curium-248 target with the lighter [[curium]] isotope [[curium-245]]. Here evidence was found for the two isotopes <sup>290</sup>Lv and <sup>291</sup>Lv.<ref name="JWP" />

In May 2009, the [[IUPAC]]/[[IUPAP]] Joint Working Party reported on the discovery of [[copernicium]] and acknowledged the discovery of the isotope <sup>283</sup>Cn.<ref name="jwr">{{cite journal|journal = [[Pure Appl. Chem.]]|date = 2009|title = Discovery of the element with atomic number 112|format = IUPAC Technical Report|author = Barber, R. C.|author2 = Gaeggeler, H. W.|author3 = Karol, P. J.|author4 = Nakahara, H.|author5 = Verdaci, E.|author6 = Vogt, E.|name-list-style = amp |url = http://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/2009/pdf/8107x1331.pdf|doi = 10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05|volume = 81|page = 1331|issue = 7|s2cid = 95703833}}</ref> This implied the ''de facto'' discovery of the isotope <sup>291</sup>Lv, from the acknowledgment of the data relating to its granddaughter <sup>283</sup>Cn, although the livermorium data was not absolutely critical for the demonstration of copernicium's discovery. Also in 2009, confirmation from Berkeley and the [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung]] (GSI) in Germany came for the flerovium isotopes 286 to 289, immediate daughters of the four known livermorium isotopes. In 2011, IUPAC evaluated the Dubna team experiments of 2000–2006. Whereas they found the earliest data (not involving <sup>291</sup>Lv and <sup>283</sup>Cn) inconclusive, the results of 2004–2006 were accepted as identification of livermorium, and the element was officially recognized as having been discovered.<ref name="JWP">{{cite journal|last1=Barber |first1=R. C.|last2=Karol |first2=P. J.|last3=Nakahara |first3=H.|last4=Vardaci |first4=E.|last5=Vogt |first5=E. W.|date=2011|title=Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers greater than or equal to 113 (IUPAC Technical Report)|journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]]|volume=83 |issue=7 |page=1485|doi=10.1351/PAC-REP-10-05-01|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The synthesis of livermorium has been separately confirmed at the GSI (2012) and [[RIKEN]] (2014 and 2016).<ref name="gsi12">{{cite journal | doi=10.1140/epja/i2012-12062-1 | volume=48 | issue=5 | page=62 | title=The reaction <sup>48</sup>Ca + <sup>248</sup>Cm → <sup>296</sup>116<sup>*</sup> studied at the GSI-SHIP | journal=The European Physical Journal A| year=2012 | last1=Hofmann | first1=S. | last2=Heinz | first2=S. | last3=Mann | first3=R. | last4=Maurer | first4=J. | last5=Khuyagbaatar | first5=J. | last6=Ackermann | first6=D. | last7=Antalic | first7=S. | last8=Barth | first8=W. | last9=Block | first9=M. | last10=Burkhard | first10=H. G. | last11=Comas | first11=V. F. | last12=Dahl | first12=L. | last13=Eberhardt | first13=K. | last14=Gostic | first14=J. | last15=Henderson | first15=R. A. | last16=Heredia | first16=J. A. | last17=Heßberger | first17=F. P. | last18=Kenneally | first18=J. M. | last19=Kindler | first19=B. | last20=Kojouharov | first20=I. | last21=Kratz | first21=J. V. | last22=Lang | first22=R. | last23=Leino | first23=M. | last24=Lommel | first24=B. | last25=Moody | first25=K. J. | last26=Münzenberg | first26=G. | last27=Nelson | first27=S. L. | last28=Nishio | first28=K. | last29=Popeko | first29=A. G. | last30=Runke | first30=J. | display-authors=29 | bibcode=2012EPJA...48...62H| s2cid=121930293 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nishina.riken.jp/researcher/APR/APR047/pdf/xi.pdf |title=Measurement of the <sup>248</sup>Cm + <sup>48</sup>Ca fusion reaction products at RIKEN GARIS |page=11 |journal=RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. |volume=47 |year=2014 |author=Morita, K.|display-authors=etal}}</ref> In the 2012 GSI experiment, one chain tentatively assigned to <sup>293</sup>Lv was shown to be inconsistent with previous data; it is believed that this chain may instead originate from an [[nuclear isomer|isomeric state]], <sup>293m</sup>Lv.<ref name="gsi12" /> In the 2016 RIKEN experiment, one atom that may be assigned to <sup>294</sup>Lv was seemingly detected, alpha decaying to <sup>290</sup>Fl and <sup>286</sup>Cn, which underwent spontaneous fission; however, the first alpha from the livermorium nuclide produced was missed, and the assignment to <sup>294</sup>Lv is still uncertain though plausible.<ref name="Kaji">{{cite journal |last1=Kaji |first1=Daiya |last2=Morita |first2=Kosuke |first3=Kouji |last3=Morimoto |first4=Hiromitsu |last4=Haba |first5=Masato |last5=Asai |first6=Kunihiro |last6=Fujita |first7=Zaiguo |last7=Gan |first8=Hans |last8=Geissel |first9=Hiroo |last9=Hasebe |first10=Sigurd |last10=Hofmann |first11=MingHui |last11=Huang |first12=Yukiko |last12=Komori |first13=Long |last13=Ma |first14=Joachim |last14=Maurer |first15=Masashi |last15=Murakami |first16=Mirei |last16=Takeyama |first17=Fuyuki |last17=Tokanai |first18=Taiki |last18=Tanaka |first19=Yasuo |last19=Wakabayashi |first20=Takayuki |last20=Yamaguchi |first21=Sayaka |last21=Yamaki |first22=Atsushi |last22=Yoshida |date=2017 |title=Study of the Reaction <sup>48</sup>Ca + <sup>248</sup>Cm → <sup>296</sup>Lv* at RIKEN-GARIS |journal=Journal of the Physical Society of Japan |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=034201–1–7 |doi=10.7566/JPSJ.86.034201 |bibcode=2017JPSJ...86c4201K }}</ref>