Editing Little Turtle (section)

=== Little Turtle's War ===
{{main|Northwest Indian War}}

Under the terms of the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)]], which ended the American Revolutionary War, the British abandoned their native allies and ceded the land between the [[Appalachian Mountains]] and the [[Mississippi River]] to the U.S. government. (The United States considered this region to be theirs by right of conquest.<ref>Cayton, p. 160.</ref>) Through the [[Land Ordinance of 1784]] and the [[Northwest Ordinance]] of 1787, the U.S. government established [[Northwest Territory]] in 1787.<ref>The U.S. government further subdivided the land north of the [[Ohio River]] into the [[Indiana Territory]] in 1800 and what became the state of [[Ohio]] in 1803. The Northwest Territory initially comprised most of the present-day state of [[Indiana]], all of the present-day states of [[Illinois]] and [[Wisconsin]], fragments of present-day [[Minnesota]] that were east of the [[Mississippi River]], nearly all of the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]] and the western half of the [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsula]] of present-day [[Michigan]], and a narrow strip of land in present-day [[Ohio]] that was northwest of Fort Recovery. See: {{cite book | author=Jervis Cutler and Charles Le Raye | title =A Topographical Description of the State of Ohio, Indiana Territory, and Louisiana | publisher =Arnot Press | year =1971 | location =New York | pages =53–54 | isbn=978-0-405-02839-7|orig-year=1812}}</ref>

Native Americans living in the territory resisted the encroaching American settlements, and violence escalated in the area. Native tribes formed the [[Western Confederacy|Northwestern Confederacy]] to keep the Ohio River as a boundary between Indian lands and the United States. Little Turtle emerged as one of the war leaders of the Confederacy, which also included the [[Shawnee]] under [[Blue Jacket]] and the [[Lenape|Delaware]] under [[Buckongahelas]]. The war with the United States that followed became known as the [[Northwest Indian War]], also called "Little Turtle's War".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dye |first1=D. H. |last2=Keel |first2=M. F. |year=2012 |chapter=The Portrayal of Native American Violence and Warfare: Who Speaks for the Past? |editor-last=Chacon |editor-first=R. |editor2-last=Mendoza |editor2-first=R. |title=The Ethics of Anthropology and Amerindian Research |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4614-1065-2 }}</ref>

Little Turtle helped to lead Native Americans against federal forces led by General [[Josiah Harmar]] in late 1790.<ref name=GS233 /> To end the border war with native tribes in the area, the U.S. government sent an [[Harmar Campaign|expedition]] of American troops under the command of General Harmar, but his forces lacked sufficient training and were poorly supplied.<ref>{{cite book | author=James H. Madison | title = Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana| publisher =Indiana University Press and the Indiana Historical Society Press | year =2014 | location =Bloomington and Indianapolis | page =27 | isbn =978-0-253-01308-8}}</ref> (Because the United States had mostly disbanded its military after the [[American Revolution]], it had few professional soldiers to send into battle, a weakness that Little Turtle and other native leaders fully exploited.) In October 1790, Little Turtle and Blue Jacket won two victories against Harmar's men. These successes encouraged further resistance.<ref>Madison, pp. 27, 29.</ref><ref>Cayton, pp. 149–54.</ref> In addition, previously reluctant leaders among the [[Ottawa (tribe)|Ottawa]] and [[Wyandot people|Wyandot]] joined the confederacy.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

In August 1791, Little Turtle's daughter was among the women and children who were captured in a [[Battle of Kenapacomaqua|raid]] of a Miami village along the Eel River led by [[James Wilkinson]].<ref name=OSC /><ref>Cayton, p. 158.</ref> By September 1791, a force of 1,400 to nearly 2,000 American soldiers under the command of [[Arthur St. Clair]] was moving north from [[Fort Washington (Cincinnati, Ohio)|Fort Washington]] (present-day [[Cincinnati, Ohio]]), headed toward the Maumee-Wabash portage.<ref name=Madison29>Madison, p. 29.</ref>