Editing Lilium (section)

==Cultivation==
Many species are widely grown in the garden in [[temperateness|temperate]], [[sub-tropical]] and [[tropical]] regions.<ref>{{cite web | title=Azucenas en tierra boricua trascienden generaciones [Lilium in Puerto Rican land transcend generations] | website=El Nuevo Día | date=2017-07-08 | url=https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/notas/azucenas-en-tierra-boricua-trascienden-generaciones/ | language=es | access-date=2020-07-19 | archive-date=2020-07-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719222643/https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/notas/azucenas-en-tierra-boricua-trascienden-generaciones/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Numerous ornamental [[Hybrid plant|hybrids]] have been developed. They are used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as patio plants. Some lilies, especially ''[[Lilium longiflorum]]'', form important [[cut flower]] crops or potted plants. These are forced to flower outside of the normal flowering season for particular markets; for instance, ''Lilium longiflorum'' for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.

Lilies are usually planted as bulbs in the dormant season. They are best planted in a south-facing (northern hemisphere), slightly sloping aspect, in sun or part shade, at a depth 2½ times the height of the bulb (except ''[[Lilium candidum]]'' which should be planted at the surface). Most prefer a porous, loamy soil, and good drainage is essential. Most species bloom in July or August (northern hemisphere). The flowering periods of certain lily species begin in late spring, while others bloom in late summer or early autumn.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lily|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/341076/lily|access-date=2014-02-19|year=2016|archive-date=2014-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225070146/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/341076/lily|url-status=live}}</ref> They have contractile roots which pull the plant down to the correct depth, therefore it is better to plant them too shallowly than too deep. A [[soil pH]] of around 6.5 is generally safe. Most grow best in well-drained soils, and plants are watered during the growing season. Some species and cultivars have strong wiry stems, but those with heavy flower heads are staked to stay upright.<ref>{{cite book|title=RHS encyclopedia of plants & flowers|year=2010|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1-4053-5423-3|page=744}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jefferson-Brown|first=Michael|title=Lilies|series=Wisley handbooks|year=2008|publisher=Mitchell Beazley|location=London|isbn=978-1-84533-384-3|page=96}}</ref>

===Awards===
The following lily species and [[cultivars]] currently hold the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]] (confirmed 2017):<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants – Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 60 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 2 March 2018 | archive-date = 5 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180105180412/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=ourCountryGarden>{{cite web |title=''British Gardening Statistics'' |url=https://ourcountrygarden.co.uk/british-gardening-statistics/ |work=British Gardening Statistics |date=10 May 2024 |publisher=Our Country Garden |access-date=January 28, 2025 }}</ref>
[[File:Lilium Golden Splendour3.jpg|thumb|'Golden Splendor']]
*African Queen Group (VI-/a) 2002 H6
*'Casa Blanca' (VIIb/b-c) 1993 H6
*'Fata Morgana' (Ia/b) 2002 H6 
*'Garden Party' (VIIb/b) 2002 H6
*Golden Splendor Group (VIb-c/a)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/42234/i-Lilium-i-Golden-Splendor-Group-(Vib-c-a)/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder – ''Lilium'' Golden Splendor Group | access-date = 22 March 2018 | archive-date = 24 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224220/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/42234/i-Lilium-i-Golden-Splendor-Group-(Vib-c-a)/Details | url-status = dead }}</ref> 
*''[[Lilium henryi]]'' (IXc/d) 1993 H6 
* ''[[Lilium mackliniae]]'' (IXc/a) 2012 H5
* ''[[Lilium martagon]]'' – Turk's cap lily (IXc/d)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10205/i-Lilium-martagon-i-(Ixc-d)/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder – ''Lilium martagon'' | access-date = 22 March 2018 | archive-date = 25 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180325044941/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10205/i-Lilium-martagon-i-(Ixc-d)/Details | url-status = dead }}</ref> 
* ''[[Lilium pardalinum]]'' – leopard lily (IXc/d)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10221/i-Lilium-pardalinum-i-(Ixc-d)/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder – ''Lilium pardalinum'' | access-date = 22 March 2018 | archive-date = 24 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224217/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10221/i-Lilium-pardalinum-i-(Ixc-d)/Details | url-status = dead }}</ref> 
*Pink Perfection Group (VIb/a)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/61747/i-Lilium-i-Pink-Perfection-Group-(Vib-a)/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder – ''Lilium'' Pink Perfection Group | access-date = 22 March 2018 | archive-date = 24 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224213/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/61747/i-Lilium-i-Pink-Perfection-Group-(Vib-a)/Details | url-status = dead }}</ref> 
* ''[[Lilium regale]]'' – regal lily, king's lily (IXb/a)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10248/i-Lilium-regale-i-(Ixb-a)/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder – ''Lilium regale'' | access-date = 2 March 2018 | archive-date = 24 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224413/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10248/i-Lilium-regale-i-(Ixb-a)/Details | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Classification of garden forms===
Numerous forms, mostly hybrids, are grown for the garden. They vary according to the species and interspecific hybrids that they derived from, and are classified in the following broad groups:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lilies.org/culture/types-of-lilies/ |title=North American Lily Society: Types of Lilies |publisher=Lilies.org |access-date=2013-02-03 |archive-date=2013-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103073939/http://www.lilies.org/culture/types-of-lilies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1-4053-3296-5|page=1136}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The RHS is the International Registration Authority for lilies|url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/plantsmanship/plant-registration/Lily-cultivar-registration|access-date=2014-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521152642/http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/plantsmanship/plant-registration/Lily-cultivar-registration|archive-date=2014-05-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Asiatic hybrids (Division I)====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Lilium canadense.JPG
File:Dwarf Asian Lily Tiny Dessert (closeup).jpg
File:Lilium %27Navona%272.jpg
File:Lily Festival 2009 Neepawa Manitoba Canada %2816%29.JPG
File:Lilium Cappuccino.jpg
File:Lilium Dimension.JPG
</gallery>
: These are derived from hybrids between species in ''Lilium'' [[Section (botany)|section]] ''Sinomartagon''.<ref name=Barba-Gonzalez>{{cite journal |author1=Barba-Gonzalez, R. |author2=Lokker, A.C. |author3=Lim, K.B. |author4=Ramanna, M.S. |author5=Van Tuyl, J.M. |year=2004 |title=Use of 2n gametes for the production of sexual polyploids from sterile Oriental × Asiatic hybrids of lilies (''Lilium'') |journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics |volume=109 |issue=6 |pages=1125–1132 |doi=10.1007/s00122-004-1739-0|pmid=15290047 |s2cid=7992120 }}</ref><ref name=Tuyl>{{cite journal |url=http://www.liliumbreeding.nl/LA%2010715.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606230707/http://www.liliumbreeding.nl/LA%2010715.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-06-06 |title=''Lilium'': Breeding History of the Modern Cultivar Assortment |last1=van Tuyl |first1=J.M.|last2=Arens |first2=P. |journal=Acta Horticulturae |volume=900 |year=2011 |pages=223–230 }}</ref>
: They are derived from central and East Asian species and interspecific hybrids, including ''[[Lilium amabile]]'', ''[[Lilium bulbiferum]]'', ''[[Lilium callosum]]'', ''[[Lilium cernuum]]'', ''[[Lilium concolor]]'', ''[[Lilium dauricum]]'', ''[[Lilium davidii]]'', ''[[Lilium × hollandicum]]'', ''[[Lilium lancifolium]]'' (syn. ''[[Lilium tigrinum]]''), ''[[Lilium lankongense]]'', ''[[Lilium leichtlinii]]'', ''[[Lilium maculatum|Lilium × maculatum]]'', ''[[Lilium pumilum]]'', ''[[Lilium × scottiae]]'', ''[[Lilium wardii]]'' and ''[[Lilium wilsonii]]''.
: These are plants with medium-sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. There are various cultivars such as Lilium 'Cappuccino', Lilium 'Dimension', Lilium 'Little Kiss' and [[Lilium 'Navona']].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lilium Asiatic Navona – Lily |url=https://brentandbeckysbulbs.com/Lilium/Navona/Lily |publisher=brentandbeckysbulbs.com |access-date=27 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202063531/https://brentandbeckysbulbs.com/Lilium/Navona/Lily |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Dwarf (Patio, Border) varieties are much shorter, c.36–61&nbsp;cm in height and were designed for containers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://extension.umass.edu/floriculture/fact-sheets/production-hybrid-lilies-pot-plants|title=Tina M. Smith. Production of Hybrid Lilies as Pot Plants. University of Massachusetts, Amherst|work=Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment|access-date=2014-08-06|archive-date=2014-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810193205/https://extension.umass.edu/floriculture/fact-sheets/production-hybrid-lilies-pot-plants|url-status=dead}}</ref> They often bear the cultivar name 'Tiny', such as the 'Lily Looks' series, e.g. 'Tiny Padhye',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perennials.com/plants/lilium-tiny-padhye.html|title=Plant Profile for Lilium 'Tiny Padhye' – Dwarf Asiatic Lily Perennial|access-date=2014-08-06|archive-date=2015-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508095504/http://www.perennials.com/plants/lilium-tiny-padhye.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> 'Tiny Dessert'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perennials.com/plants/lilium-tiny-dessert.html|title=Plant Profile for Lilium 'Tiny Dessert' – Dwarf Asiatic Lily Perennial|access-date=2014-08-07|archive-date=2014-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811024402/http://www.perennials.com/plants/lilium-tiny-dessert.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Martagon hybrids (Division II)====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Lilium %27Claude Shride%27 2013 013.JPG
File:Lilium %27Kalna Karalis%27 2013 015.JPG
File:Lilium %27Manitoba Fox%27 007.JPG
File:Lilium %27Mrs R.O.Backhouse%27 (cropped).jpg
File:Lilium %27Slate%27s Morning%27.jpg
File:Lilium, Hare Hill, Cheshire 2c.jpg
</gallery>
:These are based on ''[[Lilium dalhansonii]]'', ''[[Lilium hansonii]]'', ''[[Lilium martagon]]'', ''[[Lilium medeoloides]]'', and ''[[Lilium tsingtauense]]''.
:The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).

====Candidum (Euro-Caucasian) hybrids (Division III)====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Lilium x testaceum.jpg
</gallery>
: This includes mostly European species: ''[[Lilium candidum]]'', ''[[Lilium chalcedonicum]]'', ''[[Lilium kesselringianum]]'', ''[[Lilium monadelphum]]'', ''[[Lilium pomponium]]'', ''[[Lilium pyrenaicum]]'' and ''[[Lilium × testaceum]]''.

====American hybrids (Division IV)====
: These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from ''[[Lilium bolanderi]]'', ''[[Lilium × burbankii]]'', ''[[Lilium canadense]]'', ''[[Lilium columbianum]]'', ''[[Lilium grayi]]'', ''[[Lilium humboldtii]]'', ''[[Lilium kelleyanum]]'', ''[[Lilium kelloggii]]'', ''[[Lilium maritimum]]'', ''[[Lilium michauxii]]'', ''[[Lilium michiganense]]'', ''[[Lilium occidentale]]'', ''[[Lilium × pardaboldtii]]'', ''[[Lilium pardalinum]]'', ''[[Lilium parryi]]'', ''[[Lilium parvum]]'', ''[[Lilium philadelphicum]]'', ''[[Lilium pitkinense]]'', ''[[Lilium superbum]]'', ''[[Lilium ollmeri]]'', ''[[Lilium washingtonianum]]'',  and ''[[Lilium wigginsii]]''.
:Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.

====Longiflorum hybrids (Division V)====
: These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies.
:They are most important as plants for [[cut flowers]], and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids.

====Trumpet lilies (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids (with ''L. henryi'')====
{{anchor|Trumpet lilies}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Lilium x African Queen.jpg
File:Lilium %27Fanfare%27.jpg
File:Lilium Pink Perfection1f.UME.jpg
File:Lilium x Dresdener Romance.jpg
File:Lilium x aurelianense1MTFL.jpg
</gallery>
: This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species and their interspecific hybrids, including ''[[Lilium × aurelianense]]'', ''[[Lilium brownii]]'', ''[[Lilium × centigale]]'', ''[[Lilium henryi]]'', ''[[Lilium × imperiale]]'', ''[[Lilium × kewense]]'', ''[[Lilium leucanthum]]'', ''[[Lilium regale]]'', ''[[Lilium rosthornii]]'', ''[[Lilium sargentiae]]'', ''[[Lilium sulphureum]]'' and ''[[Lilium × sulphurgale]]''.
:The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.

====Oriental hybrids (Division VII)====
{{anchor|Oriental lilies}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Oriental hybrid1 (cropped).jpg
File:Smithsoniangardens1.jpg
File:Lilium Dizzy.jpg
File:Lilium x Universe.jpg
File:Lilium Golden Stargazer.jpg
File:Lilium %27Marco Polo%27 Flower 2580px.jpg
</gallery>
: These are based on hybrids within ''Lilium'' [[Section (botany)|section]] ''Archelirion'',<ref name=Barba-Gonzalez /><ref name=Tuyl />  specifically ''[[Lilium auratum]]'' and ''[[Lilium speciosum]]'', together with crossbreeds from several species native to Japan, including ''[[Lilium nobilissimum]]'', ''[[Lilium rubellum]]'', ''[[Lilium alexandrae]]'', and ''[[Lilium japonicum]]''.
:They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. The whole group are sometimes referred to as "stargazers" because many of them appear to look upwards. (For the specific cultivar, see [[Lilium 'Stargazer'|''Lilium'' 'Stargazer']].)

====Other hybrids (Division VIII)====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Lilium 'Royal Trinity' 03.JPG
File:Lilium x Sea Treasure.jpg
File:Lilium x Red Alert.jpg
File:Lilium 'Anastasiya' 03.JPG
File:Lily -- Lilium 'Tiny Double You'.jpg|
File:Lilium 'Eyeliner' 06.JPG
File:Dwarf Asiatic Lily Hybrid-Lilium 'Matrix'-Offnfopt 4635.JPG
</gallery>
: Includes all other garden hybrids.

====Species (Division IX)====
: All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group.

The flowers can be classified by flower aspect and form:<ref>{{cite web |title=Application For Registration Of A Lily Name |author=The RHS International Lily Registrar |url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/lily-name-registration |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522045522/http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/lily-name-registration |archive-date=22 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Flower aspect:
:*a up-facing
:*b out-facing
:*c down-facing
* Flower form:
:*a trumpet-shaped
:*b bowl-shaped
:*c flat (or with tepal tips recurved)
:*d tepals strongly recurved (with the Turk's cap form as the ultimate state)

Many newer commercial varieties are developed by using new technologies such as ovary culture and embryo rescue.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=van Tuyl |first1=J.M. |last2=Binoa |first2=R.J. |last3=Vancreij |first3=M. |last4=Vankleinwee |first4=T. |last5=Franken |first5=J. |last6=Bino |first6=R. |title=Application of in vitro pollination, ovary culture, ovule culture and embryo rescue for overcoming incongruity barriers in interspecific ''Lilium'' crosses  |journal=Plant Science |volume=74 |issue=1 |year=1991 |pages=115–126 |doi=10.1016/0168-9452(91)90262-7|bibcode=1991PlnSc..74..115V }}</ref>

===Pests and diseases===
[[File:Scarlet lily beetle lilioceris lilii.jpg|thumb|Scarlet lily beetles, [[Oxfordshire]], UK]]
[[Aphids]] may infest plants. [[Tipuloidea|Leatherjackets]] feed on the roots. [[Larva]]e of the [[Scarlet lily beetle]] can cause serious damage to the stems and leaves.  The scarlet beetle lays its eggs and completes its life cycle only on true lilies (''Lilium'') and fritillaries (''[[Fritillaria]]'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Lily beetle |work=RHS Gardening |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=553 |access-date=2014-08-21 |archive-date=2014-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821195228/https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=553 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  Oriental, rubrum, tiger and trumpet lilies as well as Oriental trumpets (orienpets) and Turk's cap lilies and native North American ''Lilium'' species are all vulnerable, but the beetle prefers some types over others.  The beetle could also be having an effect on native Canadian species and some rare and endangered species found in northeastern North America.<ref>{{cite web|last=Whitman|first=Ann|title=Controlling Lily Leaf Beetles|url=http://www.gardeners.com/lily-beetle/8090,default,pg.html|publisher=Gardener's Supply Company|access-date=2014-02-18|archive-date=2014-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222130935/http://www.gardeners.com/lily-beetle/8090,default,pg.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Daylilies (''Hemerocallis'', not true lilies) are excluded from this category. Plants can suffer from damage caused by mice, deer and squirrels.  Slugs,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Adams |first1=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h449BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 |title=Principles of Horticulture: Level 2 |last2=Early |first2=Mike |last3=Brook |first3=Jane |last4=Bamford |first4=Katherine |date=2014-08-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-93777-7 }}</ref> snails and millipedes attack seedlings, leaves and flowers.

Brown spots on damp leaves may signal an infection of ''[[Botrytis elliptica]]'', also known as Lily blight, lily fire, and botrytis leaf blight.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=George |first1=Raymond A. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32_HBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |title=Diseases of Temperate Horticultural Plants |last2=Fox |first2=Roland T. V. |date=2014-11-21 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-84593-773-7 |language=en}}</ref> Various viral diseases can cause mottling of leaves and stunting of growth, including lily curl stripe, ringspot, and lily rosette virus.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Kenneth M. |author-link=Kenneth Manley Smith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6KZkRmlQHN8C&pg=PA315 |title=A Textbook of Plant Virus Diseases |date=2012-12-02 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-16205-0 }}</ref>

===Propagation and growth===
Lilies can be propagated in several ways;
* by division of the bulbs
* by growing-on [[bulbil]]s which are [[adventitious]] bulbs formed on the stem
* by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb
* by seed; there are many [[Lily Seed Germination Types|seed germination patterns]], which can be complex
* by [[micropropagation]] techniques (which include [[Plant tissue culture|tissue culture]]);<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090325212420/http://www.hcmuaf.edu.vn/ctt/softs/phtqt/biotech2006/papers/nonghoc/DTNhut4.pdf Duong Tan Nhut, Nguyen Thi Doan Tam, Vu Quoc Luan, Nguyen Tri Minh. 2006. Standardization of in vitro Lily (Lilium spp.) plantlets for propagation and bulb formation. Proceedings of International Workshop on Biotechnology in Agriculture, Nong Lam University (NLU), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, page 134-137.] Retrieved January 25, 2014</ref> commercial quantities of lilies are often propagated [[in vitro]] and then planted out to grow into plants large enough to sell. A highly efficient technique for multiple shoot and propagule formation was given by Yadav et al., in 2013.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=Rakesh |last2=Yadav |first2=Neha |last3=Pal |first3=Minakshi |last4=Goutam |first4=Umesh |date=December 2013 |title=Multiple shoot proliferation, bulblet induction and evaluation of genetic stability in Asiatic hybrid lily (Lilium sp.) |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40502-014-0060-4 |journal=Indian Journal of Plant Physiology |language=en |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=354–359 |doi=10.1007/s40502-014-0060-4 |bibcode=2013InJPP..18..354Y |s2cid=17091557 |issn=0019-5502}}</ref>

Plant grow regulators (PGRs) are used to limit the height of lilies, especially those sold as potted plants. Commonly used [[Chemical substance|chemical]]s include ancymidol, fluprimidol, paclobutrazol, and uni-conazole, all of which are applied to the foliage to slow the biosynthesis of [[gibberellin]]s, a class of [[plant hormone]]s responsible for stem growth.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kamenetsky |first1=Rina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA309 |title=Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production |last2=Okubo |first2=Hiroshi |date=2012-09-17 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-4924-8 |language=en}}</ref>