Editing Liberal arts education (section)

==In Europe==
[[File:Andrea di bonaiuto, cappellone degli spagnoli 09.jpg|thumb|left|300px|''Triumph of St.[[Thomas Aquinas|Thomas]] & Allegory of the Sciences'' by Andrea di Bonaluto. Frasco, 1365–68, Basilica di S. Maria Novella.]]
In most parts of Europe, liberal arts education is deeply rooted. In Germany, Austria and countries influenced by their education system it is called '<nowiki/>''humanistische Bildung''' (humanistic education). The term is not to be confused with some modern educational concepts that use a similar wording. Educational institutions that see themselves in that tradition are often a [[Gymnasium (school)|''Gymnasium'']] (high school, grammar school). They aim at providing their pupils with comprehensive education (''[[Bildung]]'') to form personality with regard to a pupil's own humanity as well as their innate intellectual skills.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} Going back to the long tradition of the liberal arts in Europe, education in the above sense was freed from [[scholasticism|scholastic thinking]] and re-shaped by the theorists of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]; in particular, [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]]. Since students are considered to have received a comprehensive liberal arts education at ''gymnasia'', very often the role of liberal arts education in undergraduate programs at universities is reduced compared to the US educational system.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} Students are expected to use their skills received at the ''gymnasium'' to further develop their personality in their own responsibility, e.g. in universities' music clubs, theatre groups, language clubs, etc. Universities encourage students to do so and offer respective opportunities but do not make such activities part of the university's curriculum.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

Thus, on the level of higher education, despite the European origin of the liberal arts college,<ref>{{cite journal
  |title = Antecedents of the Liberal-Arts College
  |last = Harriman
  |first = Philip L.
  |journal = [[The Journal of Higher Education]]
  |publisher = [[Ohio State University Press]]
  |issn = 1538-4640
  |volume = 6
  |issue = 2
  |year = 1935
  |pages = 63–71
  |doi = 10.2307/1975506
  |jstor = 1975506
  }}</ref> the term ''liberal arts college'' usually denotes [[liberal arts colleges in the United States]].{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} With the exception of pioneering institutions such as [[Franklin University Switzerland]] (formerly known as Franklin College), established as a Europe-based, US-style liberal arts college in 1969,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fus.edu/about-franklin/ |title=About Franklin |work=Franklin University Switzerland Official Web Site |publisher=Franklin University Switzerland |access-date=3 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408064857/http://www.fus.edu/about-franklin |archive-date=8 April 2014 }}</ref> only recently some efforts have been undertaken to systematically "re-import" liberal arts education to continental Europe, as with [[Leiden University College The Hague]], [[University College Utrecht]], [[University College Maastricht]], [[Amsterdam University College]], [[Roosevelt Academy]] (now University College Roosevelt), University College Twente (ATLAS), [[Erasmus University College]], the [[University of Groningen]], [[Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts]], [[Leuphana University of Lüneburg]], [[Central European University]], and [[Bard College Berlin]], formerly known as the [[European College of Liberal Arts]]. [[Central European University]] launched a liberal arts undergraduate degree in Culture, Politics, and Society<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-18 |title=Bachelor of Arts in Culture, Politics and Society {{!}} CEU Undergraduate Studies |url=https://undergraduate.ceu.edu/bachelor-degree-culture-politics-society |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=CEU Undergraduate |language=en}}</ref> in 2020 as part of its move to Vienna and accreditation in Austria. As well as the colleges listed above, some universities in the Netherlands offer bachelors programs in Liberal Arts and Sciences ([[Tilburg University]]). Liberal arts (as a degree program) is just beginning to establish itself in Europe. For example, University College Dublin offers the degree, as does [[St. Mary's University College (Belfast)|St. Marys University College Belfast]], both institutions coincidentally on the island of Ireland. In the Netherlands, universities have opened constituent liberal arts colleges under the terminology [[:Category:Liberal arts colleges at universities in the Netherlands|''university college'']] since the late 1990s. The four-year bachelor's degree in Liberal Arts and Sciences at University College Freiburg is the first of its kind in Germany. It started in October 2012 with 78 students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucf.uni-freiburg.de/las |title=Liberal Arts and Sciences Program (LAS) |publisher=University College Freiburg |access-date=26 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820031719/http://www.ucf.uni-freiburg.de/las |archive-date=20 August 2013 }}</ref> The first Liberal Arts degree program in [[Sweden]] was established at [[Gothenburg]] University in 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flov.gu.se/utbildning/grundniva/liberal-arts/|title=Liberal Arts, Gothenburg University|date=22 May 2013|publisher=Flov.gu.se|access-date=26 August 2013|archive-date=2 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102031149/http://www.flov.gu.se/utbildning/grundniva/liberal-arts/|url-status=dead}}</ref> followed by a Liberal Arts Bachelor Programme at [[Uppsala University]]'s Campus [[Gotland]] in the autumn of 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uu.se/utbildning/utbildningar/selma/program/?pKod=HLA1K&lasar=13%2F14 |title=Liberal Arts Programme at Uppsala University |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630163906/http://www.uu.se/utbildning/utbildningar/selma/program/?pKod=HLA1K&lasar=13%2F14 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first Liberal Arts program in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] was introduced in 2005 by American-Georgian Initiative for Liberal Education (AGILE),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agile.ge/|title=Agile|publisher=Agile.ge|access-date=26 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006101220/http://agile.ge/|archive-date=6 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> an NGO. Thanks to their collaboration, [[Ilia State University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iliauni.edu.ge/|title=ილიაუნი -მთავარი|publisher=Iliauni.edu.ge|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> became the first higher education institution in Georgia to establish a liberal arts program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iliauni.edu.ge/index.php?sec_id=141&lang_id=ENG|title=Bachelor Degree|publisher=Iliauni|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref>

In France, [[Chavagnes Studium]], a Liberal Arts Study Centre in partnership with the Institut Catholique d'études supérieures, and based in a former Catholic seminary, is launching a two-year intensive BA in the Liberal Arts, with a distinctively Catholic outlook.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chavagnes.org/studium |title=The Chavagnes Studium – Catholic Liberal Arts Centre |publisher=Chavagnes.org |date=10 March 2018 |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-date=3 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003132808/http://chavagnes.org/studium/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It has been suggested that the liberal arts degree may become part of mainstream education provision in the United Kingdom, Ireland and other European countries. In 1999, the European College of Liberal Arts (now Bard College Berlin) was founded in Berlin<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expatica.com/de/education/higher_education/berlins-sturdiest-ivory-tower-8661_10047.html?ppager=0|title=Berlin's sturdiest ivory tower|publisher=Expatica.com|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> and in 2009 it introduced a four-year Bachelor of Arts program in Value Studies taught in English,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20090313110639526|title=GERMANY: New approach to liberal studies|date=15 March 2009|publisher=Universityworldnews.com|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> leading to an interdisciplinary degree in the humanities.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

In England, the first institution<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/its-the-breadth-that-matters/414650.article|title=It's the breadth that matters|date=23 December 2010|access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref> to retrieve and update a liberal arts education at the undergraduate level was the [[University of Winchester]] with their BA (Hons) Modern Liberal Arts program which launched in 2010.<ref name=":0" /> In 2012, [[University College London]] began its interdisciplinary [[UCL Arts and Sciences|Arts and Sciences]] BASc degree (which has kinship with the liberal arts model) with 80 students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/basc |title=Arts and Sciences (BASc) programs |publisher=University College London |access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> In 2013, the [[University of Birmingham]] created the School of Liberal Arts and Natural Sciences, home of a suite of flexible 4-year programs in which students study a broad range of subjects drawn from across the university, and gain qualifications including both traditional Liberal Arts and Natural Sciences, but also novel thematic combinations linking both areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/schools/liberal-arts-and-sciences/index.aspx |title=Liberal Arts and Natural Sciences (BASc) programs |publisher=University of Birmingham |access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref> [[King's College London]] launched the BA Liberal Arts, which has a slant towards arts, humanities and social sciences subjects.<ref>{{cite web|title=KCL – About Liberal Arts|url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/liberal/index.aspx|access-date=15 January 2014}}</ref> The [[New College of the Humanities]] also launched a new liberal education programme. Richmond American University London is a private liberal arts university where all undergraduate degrees are taught with a US liberal arts approach over a four-year programme. [[Durham University]] has both a popular BA Liberal Arts and a BA Combined Honours in Social Sciences programme, both of which allow for interdisciplinary approaches to education. The [[University of Nottingham]] also has a Liberal Arts BA with study abroad options and links with its Natural Sciences degrees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/go/liberalarts|title=Liberal Arts programme – BA Hons Y002|publisher=University of Nottingham|access-date=4 April 2018}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2016, the [[University of Warwick]] launched a three/four-year liberal arts BA degree, which focuses on transdisciplinary approaches and [[problem-based learning]] techniques in addition to providing structured disciplinary routes and bespoke pathways.<ref>{{cite web |title=Liberal Arts |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/courses/liberalarts |publisher=University of Warwick}}</ref> And for 2017 entry UCAS lists 20 providers of liberal arts programmes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.ucas.com/search/providers?CountryCode=&RegionCode=&Lat=&Lng=&Feather=&Vac=1&AvailableIn=2017&Query=Liberal+Arts&ProviderQuery=&AcpId=&Location=&IsFeatherProcessed=True&SubjectCode=|title=UCAS Search tool – Venue Results|website=search.ucas.com|access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref>

In [[Scotland]], the four-year undergraduate [[Honours degree]], specifically the [[Master of Arts (Scotland)|Master of Arts]], has historically demonstrated considerable breadth in focus. In the first two years of Scottish MA and BA degrees students typically study a number of different subjects before specialising in their Honours years (third and fourth year). The [[University of Dundee]] and the [[University of Glasgow]] (at its Crichton Campus) are the only Scottish universities that currently offer a specifically named 'Liberal Arts' degree.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts (BISLA), a private institution located in the [[Old Town, Bratislava|Old Town]] of [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]], is the first [[liberal arts college]] in Central Europe and has been granting three-year degrees since its opening in September 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.bisla.sk/about-us/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=BISLA |language=en-US}}</ref>