Editing Leonardo Torres Quevedo (section)

===Radio control: the ''Telekino''===

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Torres was a pioneer in [[remote control]] technology. He began to develop a [[radio control]] system around 1901 or 1902, as a way of testing his airships without risking human lives. Between 1902 and 1903, he applied for patents in France,<ref>Torres, Leonardo, "[https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/001377220/publication/FR327218A?q=pn%3DFR327218A FR327218A Système dit telekine pour commander à distance un mouvement mécanique.]", ''Espacenet'', 10 December 1902.</ref> Spain,<ref name="Patentes, LTQ">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hz6IUtukL48C&pg=PA33 Un sistema denominado "Telekine" para gobernar a distancia un movimiento mecánico],'' ''Patentes de invención de Don Leonardo Torres Quevedo'', pp. 33–46, España Registro de la Propiedad Industrial, 1988. ISBN 84-86857-50-3</ref> and Great Britain,<ref>Torres, Leonardo, "[https://worldwide.espacenet.com//publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=190327073a&FT=D GB190327073 (A) – Means or Method for Directing Mechanical Movements at or from a Distance.]", ''Espacenet'', 10 December 1903.</ref> under the name "Systéme dit Télékine pour commander à distance un mouvement mécanique" ("Means or method for directing mechanical movements at or from a distance").

On 3 August 1903, he presented the ''Telekino'' at the [[French Academy of Sciences]], together with a detailed memory,<ref>[[Biodiversity Heritage Library]]. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31206#page/323/mode/1up ''Mécanique Appliquée. – Sur le télékine. Note de M. L. Torres, présentée par M. Appell''] 3 August 1903, pp. 317–319, Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences.</ref> and making a practical demonstration to its members.<ref name="R. Everett 2015, pages 91-95">H. R. Everett, Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II, MIT Press – 2015, pp. 91–95</ref> For the construction of this first model, Torres received help from [[Gabriel Xavier Paul Koenigs|Gabriel Koenigs]], director of the Mechanics Laboratory of the [[Sorbonne University|Sorbonne]], and [[Octave Rochefort]], who collaborated by providing [[wireless telegraphy]] devices.<ref>González Redondo, Francisco A. [https://gaceta.rsme.es/abrir.php?id=469.pdf ''Leonardo Torres Quevedo (1852–1936). 2ª Parte. Automática. Máquinas analíticas''], p. 270, La Gaceta de la RSME, Vol. 8.1, 2005.</ref>

[[File:Telekino.webm|thumb|left|Telekino working]]

In 1904 Torres chose to conduct initial ''Telekino'' testings in the [[Beti Jai fronton]] of Madrid, which became the temporary headquarters of the Centre for Aeronautical Research,<ref>{{cite web|title=Centro de Ensayos de Aeronáutica 1904–1907|author=Beti Jai. Pelota Vasca|url=https://www.frontonbetijai.es/pelota-vasca/|access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> first in an electric [[Tricycle|three-wheeled land vehicle]]<ref>[[Tapan K. Sarkar]], '' History of wireless'', John Wiley and Sons, 2006, {{ISBN|0-471-71814-9}}, p. 97.</ref> with an effective range of just 20 to 30 meters, which has been considered the first known example of a radio-controlled [[unmanned ground vehicle]] (UGV).<ref name="R. Everett 2015, pages 91-95"/> In 1905, Torres tested a second model of the ''Telekino'' remotely controlling the maneuvers of the electrically powered boat ''Vizcaya'' in the pond of the [[Casa de Campo]] in Madrid, achieving distances of up to about 250 m<ref>{{cite web|title=1902 – Telekine (Telekino) – Leonardo Torres Quevedo (Spanish)|date=2010-12-17|url=https://cyberneticzoo.com/early-robot-enabling-technologies/1902-telekine-telekino-leonardo-torres-quevedo-spanish/|work=cyberneticzoo.com – a history of cybernetic animals and early robots|access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref> from the terrace of the Club Marítimo del [[Bilbao Abra|Abra]], and with the assistance of the president of the Provincial Council and other authorities.<ref>''El Nervión''. Torres-Quevedo y el Telekino en el Abra de Bilbao (1905). 8 de Noviembre de 1905.</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=30 June 2020|date=20 March 2019|language=es|last=González Redondo|first=Francisco A.|title=El frontón Beti-Jai, el edificio olvidado donde se probó el primer mando a distancia de la historia|publisher=The Conversation|url=https://theconversation.com/el-fronton-beti-jai-el-edificio-olvidado-donde-se-probo-el-primer-mando-a-distancia-de-la-historia-112150}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Witness to the success of these tests, [[José Echegaray]] highlighted how "no one moves" the Telekino, "it moves automatically." It was an automaton of "a certain intelligence, not conscious, but disciplined"; "a material device, without intelligence, interpreting, as if it were intelligent, the instructions communicated to it in a succession of [[Radio wave|Hertzian waves]]."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://principia.io/2020/10/08/el-telekino-origen-de-los-drones.IjEyNjEi/?fbclid=IwAR0X2twuAectyig79xCPYzLrQhLf345j6VEKxhHUuo3uhlvShd5VQKUEEiU |title = El Telekino, origen de los drones |author = José Luis Barrios Ordaz and Francisco A. González Redondo |work = Principia |date = 8 October 2020 |access-date = 22 September 2024}}</ref> These feats were also echoed in the international press.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/239438574 |title = The Telekino|work = The Daily Telegraph |date = 3 January 1906 |access-date = 5 July 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Milestone Plaque.jpg|thumb|right|Commemoration of Early Developments in Remote-Control, 1901. [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]] Milestone Plaque at the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the [[Technical University of Madrid]].]]

On 25 September 1906, in the presence of the king [[Alfonso XIII]] and before a great crowd, Torres successfully demonstrated the invention in the [[port of Bilbao]], guiding the boat ''Vizcaya'' from the shore with people on board, demonstrating a standoff range of 2&nbsp;km.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNjgCgAAQBAJ&q=Wilson+1897+Torpedo&pg=PA87|title=Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II|isbn=978-0262029223|last1=Everett|first1=H.R.|date=2015|publisher=MIT Press }}</ref> By applying the ''Telekino'' to electrically powered vessels, he was able to select different positions for the [[steering engine]] and different velocities for the [[Propulsion|propelling engine]] independently. He was also able to act over other mechanisms such a [[Electric light|light]], for switching on or off, and a [[flag]], for raising or dropping it, at the same time. Specifically, Torres was able to do up to 19 different actions with his prototypes. The positive results of those experiences encouraged Torres to apply the Spanish government for the financial aid required to use his ''Telekino'' to steer submarine [[torpedo]]es, a technological field which was just starting out. His application was denied, which caused him to abandon the improvement of the ''Telekino''.<ref name="Yuste2008">A.P. Yuste. ''[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4e50/0c55919cb5188ea379033bde77ac7aa2de2b.pdf Electrical Engineering Hall of Fame. Early Developments of Wireless Remote Control: The Telekino of Torres-Quevedo],''(pdf) vol. 96, No. 1, p. 189,  January 2008, Proceedings of the IEEE.</ref>

On 15 March 2007, the prestigious [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) dedicated a Milestone in Electrical Engineering and Computing<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Early_Developments_in_Remote-Control,_1901 |title=Milestones:Early Developments in Remote-Control, 1901  |work=IEEE Global History Network |publisher=IEEE |access-date=29 July 2011}}</ref> to the ''Telekino'', based on the research work developed at Technical University of Madrid by Prof. [[Antonio Pérez Yuste]], who was the driving force behind the Milestone nomination.