Editing Lentil (section)

== Cultivation ==
=== History ===

The cultivated lentil ''Lens culinaris'' subsp. ''culinaris'' was derived from its wild subspecies ''L. culinaris'' subsp. ''orientalis'', although other species may also have contributed some genes, according to [[Jonathan Deininger Sauer|Jonathan Sauer]] (''Historical Geography of Crop Plants'', 2017).<ref name="Sauer">{{cite book |last= Sauer |first=Jonathan D. |date= 2017|title= Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=moZHDwAAQBAJ |publisher= Routledge  |isbn= 978-1-351-44062-2 |quote=The primary progenitor of the cultigen is evidently ''L. orientalis'' native to the Near East; the other species may have contributed some genetic diversity to the crop. ''L. culinaris'' (''L. esculentus''), the domesticate, differs from the wild species in having indehiscent pods, due to a single recessive gene, and nondormant seeds.}}</ref> Unlike their wild ancestors, domesticated lentil crops have [[indehiscent]] pods and non-dormant seeds.<ref name="Sauer"/>

Lentil was domesticated in the [[Fertile Crescent]] of the [[Near East]] and then spread to [[Europe]] and [[North Africa]] and the Indo-Gangetic plain. The primary center of diversity for the domestic ''Lens culinaris'' as well as its wild progenitor ''L. culinaris ssp. orientalis'' is considered to be the Middle East. The oldest known carbonized remains of lentil from [[Greece]]'s [[Franchthi Cave]] are dated to 11,000 BC. In archaeobotanical excavations carbonized remains of lentil seeds have been recovered from widely dispersed places such as [[Tell Ramad]] in [[Syria]] (6250–5950 BC), Aceramic Beidha in [[Jordan]], [[Hacilar]] in [[Turkey]] (5800–5000 BC), Tepe Sabz (Ita. [[:it:Tepe Sabz|Tepe Sabz]]) in [[Iran]] (5500–5000 BC) and Argissa-Magula Tessaly in Greece (6000–5000 BC), along other places.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Shri Mohan |last2=Al-Khayri |first2=Jameel M. |last3=Johnson |first3=Dennis V. |title=Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Legumes: Volume 7 |date=2019 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-23399-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=if60DwAAQBAJ}}</ref>

=== Soil requirements ===
Lentils can grow on various soil types, from sand to clay loam, growing best in deep sandy loam soils with moderate fertility. A soil [[pH]] around 7 would be the best. Lentils do not tolerate flooding or [[Waterlogging (agriculture)|water-logged]] conditions.<ref name="CABI-2009" />

Lentils improve the physical properties of soils and increase the yield of succeeding cereal crops. [[Biological nitrogen fixation]] or other rotational effects could be the reason for higher yields after lentils''.''<ref name="Springer Verlag-2007">{{Cite book|title=Lentil: an ancient crop for modern times|date=2007|publisher=Springer Verlag |editor=Shyam S. Yadav |editor2=David McNeil |editor3=Philip C. Stevenson |isbn=978-1-4020-6312-1|location=Berlin|oclc=213090571}}</ref>

=== Climate requirements ===
The conditions under which lentils are grown differ across different growing regions. In the [[temperate climate]]s lentils are planted in the winter and spring under low temperatures and vegetative growth occurs in later spring and the summer. Rainfall during this time is not limited. In the [[subtropics]], lentils are planted under relatively high temperatures at the end of the rainy season, and vegetative growth occurs on the residual soil moisture in the summer season. Rainfall during this time is limited. In [[Western Asia|West Asia]] and [[North Africa]], some lentils are planted as a winter crop before snowfall. Plant growth occurs during the time of snow melting. Under such cultivation, seed yields are often much higher.<ref name="Springer Verlag-2007" />

===Seedbed requirements and sowing ===
The lentil requires a firm, smooth [[seedbed]] with most of the previous [[crop residue]]s incorporated. For the seed placement and for later harvesting it is important that the surface is not uneven with large clods, stones, or protruding crop residue. It is also important that the soil be made friable and weed-free, so that seeding can be done at a uniform depth.<ref name="CABI-2009" />

The plant densities for lentils vary between [[genotype]]s, seed size, planting time and growing conditions, and also from region to region. In South Asia, a seed rate of {{convert|30|to|40|kg/ha|lb/acre|abbr=off}} is recommended. In West Asian countries, a higher seed rate is recommended, and also leads to a higher yield. The seeds should be sown {{convert|3|to|4|cm|in|frac=4}} deep. In agriculturally mechanized countries, lentils are planted using [[Seed drill|grain drills]], but many other areas still hand broadcast.<ref name="CABI-2009" />

=== Cultivation management, fertilization ===
In [[Intercropping|intercropping systems]] &ndash; a practice commonly used in lentil cultivation &ndash; [[herbicide]]s may be needed to assure crop health.<ref name="Springer Verlag-2007" /> Like many other [[legume]] crops, lentils can [[nitrogen fixation|fix atmospheric nitrogen]] in the soil with specific [[rhizobia]].{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} Lentils grow well under low [[fertilizer]] input conditions, although [[phosphorus]], [[nitrogen]], [[potassium]], and [[sulfur]] may be used for [[nutrient]]-poor soils.<ref name="CABI-2009" />

=== Diseases ===
{{main|List of lentil diseases}}
Below is a list of the most common lentil diseases.

====Fungal diseases====

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Fungal diseases
|-
|Alternaria blight 
| {{plainlist|
* ''[[Alternaria alternata]]'' 
* ''[[Alternaria]]'' sp.
}}
|-
|Anthracnose 
| {{plainlist|
* ''[[Colletotrichum lindemuthianum]]''
* ''[[Colletotrichum truncatum]]''
}}
|-
|Aphanomyces root rot 
| ''[[Aphanomyces euteiches]]''
|-
|Ascochyta blight 
| {{plainlist}}
* [[Ascochyta fabae f.sp. lentis|''Ascochyta fabae'' f.sp. ''lentis'']] 
** = ''[[Ascochyta lentis]]''
** = ''[[Didymella]]'' sp. [[Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph|[teleomorph]]]
{{endplainlist}}
|-
|Black root rot 
| ''[[Fusarium solani]]''
|-
|Black streak root rot 
| ''[[Thielaviopsis basicola]]''
|-
|Botrytis gray mold 
| ''[[Botrytis cinerea]]''
|-
|''[[Cercospora]]'' leaf spot 
| {{plainlist|
* ''[[Cercospora cruenta]]''
* ''[[Cercospora lentis]]''
* ''[[Cercospora zonata]]''
}}
|-
|Collar rot 
| {{plainlist}}
* ''[[Sclerotium rolfsii]]''
** = ''[[Athelia rolfsii]]'' [teleomorph] 
** = ''[[Corticium rolfsii]]''
{{endplainlist}}
|-
|Cylindrosporium leaf spot and stem canker 
| ''[[Cylindrosporium]]'' sp. 
|-
|Downy mildew 
| {{plainlist|
* ''[[Peronospora lentis]]''
* ''[[Peronospora viciae]]''
}}
|-
|Dry root rot 
| {{plainlist}}
* ''[[Macrophomina phaseolina]]'' 
** = ''[[Rhizoctonia bataticola]]''
{{endplainlist}}
|-
|Fusarium wilt 
| [[Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lentis|''Fusarium oxysporum'' f.sp. ''lentis'']]
|-
|Helminthosporium leaf spot 
| ''[[Helminthosporium]]'' sp. 
|-
|Leaf rot 
| ''[[Choanephora]]'' sp. 
|-
|Leaf yellowing 
| ''[[Cladosporium herbarum]]''
|-
|Ozonium wilt 
| [[Ozonium texanum var. parasiticum|''Ozonium texanum'' var. ''parasiticum'']]
|-
|Phoma leaf spot 
| ''[[Phoma medicaginis]]''
|-
|Powdery mildew 
| {{plainlist}}
* ''[[Erysiphe pisi]]'' 
** = ''[[Erysiphe polygoni]]''
* ''[[Leveillula taurica]]'' 
** = [[Leveillula leguminosarum f. lentis|''Leveillula leguminosarum'' f. ''lentis'']] 
** = ''[[Oidiopsis taurica]]'' [anamorph]
{{endplainlist}}
|-
|Pythium root and seedling rot 
| {{plainlist|
* ''[[Pythium aphanidermatum]]''
* ''[[Pythium ultimum]]''
}}
|-
|Rust 
| {{plainlist}}
* ''[[Uromyces craccae]]''
* ''[[Uromyces viciae-fabae]]'' 
** = ''[[Uromyces fabae]]''
{{endplainlist}}
|-
|Sclerotinia stem rot 
| ''[[Sclerotinia sclerotiorum]]''
|-
|Spot blotch 
| ''[[Bipolaris sorokiniana]]''
|-
|Stemphylium blight 
| {{plainlist}}
* ''[[Stemphylium botryosum]]''
** = ''[[Pleospora tarda]]'' [teleomorph]
* ''[[Stemphylium sarciniforme]]''
{{endplainlist}}
|-
|Wet root rot 
| {{plainlist}}
* ''[[Rhizoctonia solani]]''
** = ''[[Thanatephorus cucumeris]]'' [teleomorph]
{{endplainlist}}
|}

====Nematodes, parasitic====

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Nematodes, parasitic
|-
|Cyst nematode 
||''[[Heterodera ciceri]]''
|-
|Reniform nematode 
| ''[[Rotylenchulus reniformis]]''
|-
|Root knot nematode 
| {{plainlist|
* ''[[Meloidogyne incognita]]''
* ''[[Meloidogyne javanica]]''
}}
|-
|Root lesion nematode 
| ''[[Pratylenchus]]'' spp. 
|-
|Stem nematode 
| ''[[Ditylenchus dipsaci]]''
|}

====Viral diseases====

{| class="wikitable"
|+Viral diseases
|-
|Bean (pea) leaf roll virus 
||[[Beet western yellows virus]] 
|-
|Bean yellow mosaic 
||[[Bean yellow mosaic virus]] 
|-
|Broad bean mottle 
||[[Broad bean mottle virus]]
|-
|Broad bean stain 
||[[Broad bean stain virus]] 
|-
|Cucumber mosaic 
||[[Cucumber mosaic virus]] 
|-
|Pea seedborne mosaic 
||[[Pea seed-borne mosaic virus]] 
|}