Editing Leidenfrost effect (section)

== Reactive Leidenfrost effect ==
[[File:Reactive Leidenfrost Effect with Cellulose.jpg|thumb|Reactive Leidenfrost effect of cellulose on silica, {{convert|750|C}}]]

Non-volatile materials were discovered in 2015 to also exhibit a 'reactive Leidenfrost effect', whereby solid particles were observed to float above hot surfaces and skitter around erratically.<ref name="Teixeira Krumm Vinter 2015"/> Detailed characterization of the reactive Leidenfrost effect was completed for small particles of [[cellulose]] (~0.5&nbsp;mm) on high temperature polished surfaces by high speed photography. Cellulose was shown to decompose to short-chain [[oligomers]] which melt and wet smooth surfaces with increasing heat transfer associated with increasing surface temperature. Above {{convert|675|C}}, cellulose was observed to exhibit transition boiling with violent bubbling and associated reduction in heat transfer. Liftoff of the cellulose droplet (depicted at the right) was observed to occur above about {{convert|750|C}}, associated with a dramatic reduction in heat transfer.<ref name="Teixeira Krumm Vinter 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Teixeira |first1=Andrew R. |last2=Krumm |first2=Christoph |last3=Vinter |first3=Katherine P. |last4=Paulsen |first4=Alex D. |last5=Zhu |first5=Cheng |last6=Maduskar |first6=Saurabh |last7=Joseph |first7=Kristeen E. |last8=Greco |first8=Katharine |last9=Stelatto |first9=Michael |last10=Davis |first10=Eric |last11=Vincent |first11=Brendon |last12=Hermann |first12=Richard |last13=Suszynski |first13=Wieslaw |last14=Schmidt |first14=Lanny D. |last15=Fan |first15=Wei |last16=Rothstein |first16=Jonathan P. |last17=Dauenhauer |first17=Paul J. |title=Reactive Liftoff of Crystalline Cellulose Particles |journal=Scientific Reports |date=September 2015 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=11238 |doi=10.1038/srep11238 |pmid=26057818 |pmc=4460903 |bibcode=2015NatSR...511238T}}
*{{cite web |author=Paul J. Dauenhauer |date=June 10, 2015 |title=Scientists levitate wood on structured surfaces captured by high speed photography |website=Phys.org |url=https://phys.org/news/2015-06-scientists-levitate-wood-surfaces-captured.html}}</ref>

High speed photography of the reactive Leidenfrost effect of cellulose on porous surfaces (macroporous [[alumina]]) was also shown to suppress the reactive Leidenfrost effect and enhance overall heat transfer rates to the particle from the surface. The new phenomenon of a 'reactive Leidenfrost (RL) effect' was characterized by a dimensionless quantity, (φ<sub>RL</sub>= τ<sub>conv</sub>/τ<sub>rxn</sub>), which relates the time constant of solid particle heat transfer to the time constant of particle reaction, with the reactive Leidenfrost effect occurring for 10<sup>−1</sup>< φ<sub>RL</sub>< 10<sup>+1</sup>. The reactive Leidenfrost effect with cellulose will occur in numerous high temperature applications with carbohydrate polymers, including biomass conversion to [[biofuels]], preparation and [[cooking]] of food, and [[tobacco]] use.<ref name="Teixeira Krumm Vinter 2015"/>

The Leidenfrost effect has also been used as a means to promote chemical change of various organic liquids through their conversion by thermal decomposition into various products. Examples include decomposition of ethanol,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Avedisian |first1=C. Thomas |last2=Kuo |first2=Wei-Chih |last3=Tsang |first3=Wing |last4=Lowery |first4=Adam |title=A Film Boiling Study of Ethanol Pyrolysis |journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research |date=20 June 2018 |volume=57 |issue=24 |pages=8334–8340 |doi=10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00770 }}</ref> diethyl carbonate,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thomas Avedisian |first1=C. |last2=Kuo |first2=Wei-Chih |last3=Tsang |first3=Wing |last4=Lowery |first4=Adam |title=High Temperature Thermal Decomposition of Diethyl Carbonate by Pool Film Boiling |journal=Journal of Heat Transfer |date=1 June 2018 |volume=140 |issue=6 |pages=061501 |doi=10.1115/1.4038572 }}</ref> and glycerol.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Pushan |last2=Avedisian |first2=C. Thomas |last3=Brunson |first3=Jordan D. |last4=Tsang |first4=Wing |title=Decomposition by film boiling heat transfer of glycerol |journal=International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer |date=1 August 2019 |volume=139 |pages=873–880 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.05.005 |s2cid=191155524 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019IJHMT.139..873S }}</ref>