Editing Leadership (section)

===Attribute pattern approach===

Considering the criticisms of the trait theory outlined above, several researchers adopted a different perspective of leader individual differences—the leader-attribute-pattern approach.<ref name="Foti, R.J. 2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Foti | first1 = R. J. | last2 = Hauenstein | first2 = N.M.A. | year = 2007 | title = Pattern and variable approaches in leadership emergence and effectiveness | journal = Journal of Applied Psychology | volume = 92 | issue = 2| pages = 347–355 | doi=10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.347| pmid = 17371083 }}</ref><ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book|last1=Zaccaro|first1=S. J.|last2=Gulick|first2=L. M. V.|last3=Khare|first3=V. P.|year=2008|chapter=Personality and leadership|editor-first1=C. J.|editor-last1=Hoyt|editor-first2=G. R. |editor-last2=Goethals |editor-first3= D.R. |editor-last3=Forsyth
|title=Leadership at the crossroads|volume=1|pages=13–29|location=Westport, Conn.|publisher= Praeger}}
|2={{cite journal | last1 = Gershenoff | first1 = A. G. | last2 = Foti | first2 = R.J. | year = 2003 | title = Leader emergence and gender roles in all-female groups: A contextual examination | journal = Small Group Research | volume = 34 | issue = 2| pages = 170–196 | doi=10.1177/1046496402250429| s2cid = 145054262 }}
|3={{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = J.A. | last2 = Foti | first2 = R.J. | year = 1998 | title = A pattern approach to the study of leader emergence | journal = Leadership Quarterly | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 147–160 | doi=10.1016/s1048-9843(98)90002-9}} }}</ref><ref name="Mumford, M. D. 2000">{{cite journal | last1 = Mumford | first1 = M.D. | last2 = Zaccaro | first2 = S.J. | last3 = Harding | first3 = F.D. | last4 = Jacobs | first4 = T. O. | last5 = Fleishman | first5 = E.A. | year = 2000 | title = Leadership skills for a changing world solving complex social problems | journal = The Leadership Quarterly | volume = 11 | pages = 11–35 | doi=10.1016/s1048-9843(99)00041-7}}</ref> In contrast to the traditional approach, the leader-attribute-pattern approach is based on theorists' arguments that the influence of individual characteristics on outcomes is best understood by considering the person as an integrated totality rather than a summation of individual variables.<ref name="Mumford, M. D. 2000"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Magnusson|first1= D.|year=1995|chapter=Holistic interactionism: A perspective for research on personality development|editor-first1=L.A.|editor-last1=Pervin |editor-first2=O.P. |editor-last2=John |title=Handbook of personality: Theory and research|pages=219–247|location= New York |publisher=Guilford Press}}</ref> In other words, the leader-attribute-pattern approach argues that integrated constellations or combinations of individual differences may explain substantial variance in both leader emergence and leader effectiveness beyond that explained by single attributes, or by additive combinations of multiple attributes.