Editing Lawyer (section)

===Advocacy in administrative hearings===
In most developed countries, the legislature has granted [[original jurisdiction]] over highly technical matters to [[executive branch]] administrative agencies which oversee such things. As a result, some lawyers have become specialists in [[administrative law]]. In a few countries, there is a special category of jurists with a monopoly over this form of advocacy; for example, France formerly had ''conseils juridiques'' (who were merged into the main legal profession in 1991).<ref>Anne Boigeol, "The French Bar: The Difficulties of Unifying a Divided Profession", in ''Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World'', vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 258–294 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 263; and Boigeol, "The Rise of Lawyers", 206.</ref> In other countries, like the United States, lawyers have been effectively barred by statute from certain types of administrative hearings in order to preserve their informality.<ref>Richard L. Abel, ''American Lawyers'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 132. See, e.g., ''Hines v. Lowrey'', {{ussc|305|85|1938}} (upholding limitation on attorneys' fees in veterans' benefits cases to $10); ''Walters v. National Ass'n of Radiation Survivors'', {{ussc|473|305|1985}} (same).</ref>