Editing Landslide (section)

===Shallow and deep-seated landslides===
[[File:Limone sul Garda Hotel 001.JPG|thumb|Hotel Panorama at [[Lake Garda]]. Part of a hill of [[Devonian]] [[shale]] was removed to make the road, forming a dip-slope. The upper block detached along a bedding plane and is sliding down the hill, forming a jumbled pile of rock at the toe of the slide.]]

Slope failure mechanisms often contain large uncertainties and could be significantly affected by heterogeneity of soil properties.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Xin |last2=Wang |first2=Yu |last3=Li |first3=Dian-Qing |date=2019 |title=Investigation of slope failure mode evolution during large deformation in spatially variable soils by random limit equilibrium and material point methods |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0266352X19300977 |journal=Computers and Geotechnics |language=en |volume=111 |pages=301–312 |doi=10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.03.022 |bibcode=2019CGeot.111..301L |s2cid=145994705 |access-date=2023-04-10 |archive-date=2022-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808214316/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0266352X19300977 |url-status=live }}</ref> A landslide in which the sliding surface is located within the [[soil]] mantle or [[weathering|weathered]] [[bedrock]] (typically to a depth from few decimeters to some meters) is called a shallow landslide. Debris slides and [[debris flow]]s are usually shallow. Shallow landslides can often happen in areas that have slopes with high permeable soils on top of low permeable soils. The low permeable soil traps the water in the shallower soil generating high water pressures. As the top soil is filled with water, it can become unstable and slide downslope.[[File:Kihotown Sehara Miepref No,3.jpg|thumb|Deep-seated landslide on a mountain in Sehara, [[Kihō, Mie|Kihō]], Japan caused by torrential rain of [[Tropical Storm Talas (2011)|Tropical Storm Talas]]]]
[[Image:Landslide 2.jpg|thumb|Landslide of soil and [[regolith]] in [[Pakistan]] ]]

Deep-seated landslides are those in which the sliding surface is mostly deeply located, for instance well below the maximum rooting depth of trees. They usually involve deep [[regolith]], weathered rock, and/or [[bedrock]] and include large slope failures associated with translational, rotational, or complex movements.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Xin |last2=Wang |first2=Yu |last3=Li |first3=Dian-Qing |date=2020 |title=Numerical simulation of the 1995 rainfall-induced Fei Tsui Road landslide in Hong Kong: new insights from hydro-mechanically coupled material point method |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10346-020-01442-2 |journal=Landslides |language=en |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=2755–2775 |doi=10.1007/s10346-020-01442-2 |bibcode=2020Lands..17.2755L |s2cid=219948261 |issn=1612-510X}}</ref> They tend to form along a plane of weakness such as a [[Fault (geology)|fault]] or [[bedding plane]]. They can be visually identified by concave [[Fault scarp|scarps]] at the top and steep areas at the toe.<ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=B.F. |date=June 2010 |url=http://www.earthmagazine.org/article/slippery-slopes-how-do-we-insure-against-landslides |title=Slippery slopes |work=Earth magazine |pages=48–55 |access-date=2013-08-28 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222052004/http://www.earthmagazine.org/article/slippery-slopes-how-do-we-insure-against-landslides |url-status=live }}</ref> Deep-seated landslides also shape [[landscapes]] over geological timescales and produce sediment that strongly alters the course of [[Fluvial landforms of streams|fluvial streams]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Campforts | first1 = B | year = 2022 | title = The Art of Landslides: How Stochastic Mass Wasting Shapes Topography and Influences Landscape Dynamics | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface | volume = 127 | issue = 8 | pages = 1–23 | doi=10.1029/2022JF006745 | bibcode = 2022JGRF..12706745C | doi-access = free }}</ref>