Editing Lahore (section)

==== Mamluk ====
Following the [[Siege of Lahore (1186)|Siege of Lahore]] in 1186, the [[Ghurid]] ruler [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muhammad]] captured the city and imprisoned the last Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik,<ref name=bosworth/> thus ending Ghaznavid rule over Lahore. Lahore was made an important establishment of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]] of the Delhi Sultanate following the assassination of Muhammad of Ghor in 1206. Under the reign of Mamluk sultan [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]], Lahore attracted poets and scholars from medieval [[Muslim World]]. Lahore at this time had more poets writing in Persian than any other city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/indianexpress-2/ |title=Once upon a time |publisher=Apnaorg.com |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-date=15 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615113959/http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/indianexpress-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[[Alexander Mikaberidze|Mikaberidze, Alexander]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&q=delhi+sultanate+turko-afghan&pg=PA269 "Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia ('''2''' volumes): A Historical Encyclopedia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404025723/https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&q=delhi+sultanate+turko-afghan&pg=PA269 |date=4 April 2023 }} ABC-CLIO, 22 July 2011 {{ISBN|978-1-59884-337-8}} pp 269–270</ref> Following the death of Aibak, Lahore first came under the control of the Governor of Multan, [[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha]], and then was briefly captured in 1217 by the sultan in Delhi, [[Iltutmish]].<ref name=bosworth/>

In an alliance with local [[Khokhar]]s in 1223, [[Khwarazmian Empire|Khwarazmian]] sultan [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni]] captured Lahore after fleeing from [[Genghis Khan]]'s invasion of his realm.<ref name=bosworth/> Mangburni then fled from Lahore to the city of [[Uch Sharif]] after Iltutmish's army re-captured Lahore in 1228.<ref name=bosworth/>

The threat of Mongol invasions and political instability in Lahore caused future sultans to regard Delhi as a safer capital for the sultanate,<ref name="jackson"/> even though Delhi was considered a forward base whereas Lahore was widely considered as the centre of Islamic culture in northeastern Punjab.<ref name="jackson"/>

Lahore came under progressively weaker central rule under Iltutmish's descendants in Delhi, to the point that governors in the city acted with great autonomy.<ref name=bosworth/> Under the rule of Kabir Khan Ayaz, Lahore was virtually independent from the Delhi Sultanate. Actual Sultanate rule on Lahore lasted only a few decades until the locals reclaimed their autonomy.<ref name=bosworth/> Lahore was sacked and ruined by the Mongol army in 1241.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=980SAvbmpUkC |title=The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India |first=Balaji|last=Sadasivan|date=14 August 2018 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814311670}}</ref> Lahore governor Malik Ikhtyaruddin Qaraqash fled the Mongols,<ref>{{cite book |author=Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi |date=2010 |title=Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-81-908918-0-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJbmTL8svpwC}}</ref> while the Mongols held the city for a few years under the rule of the Mongol chief [[Toghrul]].<ref name="jackson">{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Peter|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|date=16 October 2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521543290 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA309 |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>

In 1266, sultan [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Balban]] reconquered Lahore, but in 1287 under the Mongol ruler [[Temür Khan]],<ref name="jackson"/> the Mongols again overran northern Punjab. Because of Mongol invasions, Lahore region became a city on a frontier, with the region's administrative centre shifted south to [[Dipalpur]].<ref name=bosworth/> The Mongols again invaded northern Punjab [[Mongol invasion of India, 1297-98|in 1298]], though their advance was eventually stopped by [[Ulugh Khan]], brother of Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] of Delhi.<ref name="jackson"/> The Mongols again attacked Lahore in 1305.{{sfnp|Neville|2006|p=xiii}}