Editing LGBTQ movements (section)

=== Gay Liberation movement (1969–1974) ===
{{Main|Gay Liberation}}
{{See also|1970s in LGBT rights}}
The [[new social movements]] of the sixties, such as the [[Black Power]] and [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|anti-Vietnam war]] movements in the US, the May 1968 insurrection in France, and [[Feminist movement|Women's Liberation]] throughout the Western world, inspired many LGBT activists to become more radical,<ref name="matzner" /> and the [[Gay Liberation]] movement emerged towards the end of the decade. This new radicalism is often attributed to the [[Stonewall riots]] of 1969, when a group of gay men, lesbians, drag queens and transgender women at a bar in New York City resisted a police raid.<ref name="when" />

Immediately after Stonewall, such groups as the [[Gay Liberation Front]] (GLF) and the [[Gay Activists' Alliance]] (GAA) were formed. Their use of the word ''gay'' represented a new unapologetic defiance—as an antonym for ''straight'' ("respectable sexual behavior"), it encompassed a range of non-normative sexuality and sought ultimately to free the bisexual potential in everyone, rendering obsolete the categories of homosexual and heterosexual.<ref>[[Dennis Altman|Altman, D.]] (1971). ''Homosexual: Oppression and Liberation''. New York: Outerbridge & Dienstfrey.</ref><ref>Adam, B. D. (1987). ''The rise of a gay and lesbian movement''. Boston: Twayne Publishers.</ref>

According to Gay Lib writer [[Toby Marotta]], "their Gay political outlooks were not homophile but liberationist".<ref>{{cite book|last = Marotta|first = Toby|title =The Politics of Homosexuality|location = Boston|page = 68|publisher = Houghton Mifflin|date = 1981|isbn = 9780395294772}}</ref> "Out, loud and proud," they engaged in colorful [[street theatre|street theater]].<ref>{{cite web|last1= Gallagher|first1= John |last2= Bull|first2= Chris|date = 1996|url =https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/perfectenemies.htm |title = Perfect Enemies|website = WashingtonPost.com}}</ref> The GLF's "A Gay Manifesto" set out the aims for the fledgling gay liberation movement, and influential intellectual [[Paul Goodman]] published "[[The Politics of Being Queer]]" (1969). Chapters of the GLF were established across the U.S. and in other parts of the Western world. The [[Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire]] was formed in 1971 by lesbians who split from the [[Mouvement Homophile de France]].

[[File:Nu gay lib demo 03.jpg|thumb|Gay liberation demonstration in Washington, D.C., in the early 1970s]]The [[Gay liberation]] movement overall, like the gay community generally and historically, has had varying degrees of gender nonconformity and assimilationist platforms among its members. Early marches by the Mattachine society and Daughters of Bilitis stressed looking "respectable" and mainstream, and after the Stonewall Uprising the Mattachine Society posted a sign in the window of the club calling for peace. Gender nonconformity has always been a primary way of signaling homosexuality and bisexuality, and by the late 1960s and mainstream fashion was increasingly incorporating what by the 1970s would be considered "unisex" fashions.

In 1970, the [[drag queen]] caucus of the GLF, including [[Marsha P. Johnson]] and [[Sylvia Rivera]], formed the group [[Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries]] (STAR), which focused on providing support for gay prisoners, housing for homeless gay youth and street people, especially other young "street queens".<ref name=ACTUP>Shepard, Benjamin Heim and Ronald Hayduk (2002) ''From ACT UP to the WTO: Urban Protest and Community Building in the Era of Globalization''. Verso. pp.156–160 {{ISBN|978-1859-8435-67}}</ref><ref name=feinberg>{{cite web |url=http://www.workers.org/2006/us/lavender-red-73/ |title=Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries |work=[[Workers World Party]] |quote="Stonewall combatants Sylvia Rivera and Marsha "Pay It No Mind" Johnson ... Both were self-identified drag queens." |author=Feinberg, Leslie |date=September 24, 2006 |access-date=August 21, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Stryker 2018 68, 77, 110">{{Cite book|title=Transgender History: the roots of today's revolution|last=Stryker|first=Susan|publisher=Seal Press|year=2018|isbn=9781580056892|edition= Second |location=New York, NY|pages=68, 77, 110|oclc=990183211}}</ref> In 1969, [[Lee Brewster]] and Bunny Eisenhower formed the [[Queens Liberation Front]] (QLF), partially in protest to the treatment of the drag queens at the first [[Christopher Street Liberation Day|Christopher Street Liberation Day March]].<ref name="Stryker 2018 68, 77, 110"/>

One of the values of the movement was [[gay pride]]. Within weeks of the Stonewall Riots, [[Craig Rodwell]], proprietor of the [[Oscar Wilde Bookshop|Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop]] in lower Manhattan, persuaded the Eastern Regional Conference of Homophile Organizations (ERCHO) to replace the Fourth of July Annual Reminder at Independence Hall in Philadelphia with a first commemoration of the Stonewall Riots. Liberation groups, including the Gay Liberation Front, Queens, the Gay Activists Alliance, [[Radicalesbians]], and Street Transvestites Action Revolutionaries (STAR) all took part in the first Gay Pride Week. Los Angeles held a big parade on the first Gay Pride Day. Smaller demonstrations were held in San Francisco, Chicago, and Boston.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waters|first=Michael|title=The First Pride Marches, in Photos|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/first-pride-marches-photos-1-180972379/|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kaufman|first=David|date=2020-06-16|title=How the Pride March Made History|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/16/us/gay-lgbt-pride-march-history.html|access-date=2021-04-27|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

[[File:Ink glf cover.jpg|thumb|upright 0.75|The 1971 [[Gay Liberation Front]] cover version of ''Ink'' magazine, printed in London]]

In the United Kingdom the GLF had its first meeting in the basement of the [[London School of Economics]] on October 13, 1970. [[Bob Mellors]] and Aubrey Walter had seen the effect of the GLF in the United States and created a parallel movement based on revolutionary politics and alternative lifestyle.<ref name=Lucas98>{{citation | last=Lucas | first=Ian | year=1998 | title=OutRage!: an oral history | publisher=Cassell | isbn=978-0-304-33358-5 |pages=2–3}}</ref>

By 1971, the UK GLF was recognized as a political movement in the national press, holding weekly meetings of 200 to 300 people.<ref>{{cite news|title=An Alternative to Sexual Shame: Impact of the new militancy among homosexual groups|newspaper=The Times|author=Victoria Brittain|date=August 28, 1971|page=12}}</ref> The GLF Manifesto was published, and a series of high-profile direct actions, were carried out.<ref name=DANGO>{{cite web |url=http://www.dango.bham.ac.uk/record_details.asp?id=2896&recordType=ngo |title=Gay Liberation Front (GLF) |publisher=Database of Archives of Non-Government Organisations |access-date=November 20, 2009 |archive-date=March 16, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316060527/http://www.dango.bham.ac.uk/record_details.asp?id=2896&recordType=ngo }}</ref>

The disruption of the opening of the 1971 [[Nationwide Festival of Light|Festival of Light]] was the best organized of [[UK Gay Liberation Front 1971 Festival of Light action|GLF action]]. The Festival of Light, whose leading figures included [[Mary Whitehouse]], met at [[Westminster Central Hall|Methodist Central Hall]]. Groups of GLF members in [[Drag (clothing)|drag]] invaded and spontaneously kissed each other; others released [[mouse|mice]], sounded horns, and unveiled banners, and a contingent dressed as workmen obtained access to the basement and shut off the lights.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Times|title=Uproar at Central Hall as demonstrators threaten to halt Festival of Light|date=September 10, 1971|page=14|first=Basil|last=Gingell}}</ref>

In 1972, Sweden became the first country in the world to allow people who were transsexual by legislation to surgically change their sex and provide free [[hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female)|hormone replacement therapy]]. Sweden also permitted the age of consent for same-sex partners to be at age 15, making it equal to heterosexual couples.<ref name=RFSU>{{cite web|author=Hanna Jedvik |url=http://www.rfsu.se/lagen_om_konsbyte_ska_utredas.asp |title=Lagen om könsbyte ska utredas |publisher=RFSU |access-date=June 24, 2007 |date=March 5, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012000954/http://www.rfsu.se/lagen_om_konsbyte_ska_utredas.asp |archive-date=October 12, 2007 }}</ref>

[[Bisexual American history|Bisexuals]] became more visible in the LGBT rights movement in the 1970s. In 1972 a Quaker group, the Committee of Friends on Bisexuality, issued the "Ithaca Statement on Bisexuality" supporting bisexuals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bimedia.org/1984/june-1972-the-ithaca-statement/ |website=BiMedia |title = June 1972: The Ithaca Statement |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015231948/http://bimedia.org/1984/june-1972-the-ithaca-statement/ |archive-date=October 15, 2015 |date=February 10, 2012|url-status = live }}</ref> {{Blockquote|The Statement, which may have been "the first public declaration of the bisexual movement" and "was certainly the first statement on bisexuality issued by an American religious assembly," appeared in the Quaker ''[[Friends Journal]]'' and ''[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]'' in 1972.<ref name= donaldson>{{cite book | last = Donaldson | first = Stephen | year = 1995 | contribution = The Bisexual Movement's Beginnings in the 70s: A Personal Retrospective | pages = [https://archive.org/details/bisexualpolitics00tuck/page/31 31–45] | editor-last = Tucker | editor-first = Naomi | title = Bisexual Politics: Theories, Queries, & Visions | place = New York | publisher = Harrington Park Press | isbn = 978-1-56023-869-0 | url = https://archive.org/details/bisexualpolitics00tuck/page/31 }}</ref><ref name=highleyman>{{cite news|url=http://www.camprehoboth.com/issue07_11_03/pastout.htm |title=PAST Out: What is the history of the bisexual movement? |access-date=March 18, 2008 |last=Highleyman |first=Liz |date=July 11, 2003 |work=LETTERS From CAMP Rehoboth |volume=13 |number=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531051440/http://www.camprehoboth.com/issue07_11_03/pastout.htm |archive-date=May 31, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Martin|first=Robert|title=Quakers 'come out' at conference|journal=The Advocate|date=August 2, 1972|issue=91|page=8}}</ref> }} In that same year the [[National Bisexual Liberation Group]] formed in New York.<ref name="ucc.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.ucc.org/lgbt/lgbt-history-timeline.html|title=LGBT History Timeline|work=United Church of Christ|access-date=June 7, 2015|archive-date=December 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218100001/http://www.ucc.org/lgbt/lgbt-history-timeline.html}}</ref> In 1976 the San Francisco Bisexual Center opened.<ref name="ucc.org" />tzerland started with [[Rosa von Praunheim]]s movie [[It Is Not the Homosexual Who Is Perverse, But the Society in Which He Lives]].

Easter 1972 saw the Gay Lib annual conference held in the Guild of Undergraduates Union (students union) building at the [[University of Birmingham]].<ref name="gaybrum">{{cite web|url=http://gaybirminghamremembered.co.uk/topics/GLF%20National%20Conference|title=Gay Birmingham Remembered – The Gay Birmingham History Project|publisher=[[Birmingham LGBT Community Trust]]|access-date=October 3, 2012|quote=Birmingham hosted the Gay Liberation Front annual conference in 1972, at the chaplaincy at Birmingham University Guild of Students.}}</ref>

In May 1974 the [[American Psychiatric Association]], after years of [[LGBT protests against the American Psychiatric Association|pressure from activists]], changed the wording concerning homosexuality in the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders#Seventh printing of the DSM-II (1974)|Sixth printing]] of the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] from a "mental disorder" to that of a "sexual orientation disturbance". While still not a flattering description, it took gay people out of the category of being automatically considered mentally ill simply for their sexual orientation.<ref name=DSM>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drBejRLWkHkC&pg=PA76 |chapter=The Transformation of Mental Disorders in the 1980s: The DSM-III, Managed Care, and "Cosmetic Psychopharmacology" |page=76 |title=Medicating Children: ADHD and Pediatric Mental Health |first1=Rick |last1=Mayes |first2=Catherine |last2=Bagwell |first3=Jennifer L. |last3=Erkulwater |publisher=Harvard University Press |date= 2009 |access-date=December 3, 2013 |isbn=978-0-674-03163-0 }}</ref><ref name=Spitzer>{{cite journal | last1 = Spitzer | first1 = R.L. | year = 1981 | title = The diagnostic status of homosexuality in DSM-III: a reformulation of the issues | journal = Am J Psychiatry | volume = 138 | issue = 2| pages = 210–215 | pmid = 7457641 | doi=10.1176/ajp.138.2.210}}</ref>
 
By 1974, internal disagreements had led to the movement's splintering. Organizations that spun off from the movement included the [[London Lesbian and Gay Switchboard]], ''[[Gay News]]'', and [[Gay's the Word (bookshop)|Icebreakers]]. The GLF Information Service continued for a few further years providing gay related resources.<ref name=Lucas98/>

GLF branches had been set up in some provincial British towns (e.g., Bradford, Bristol, Leeds, and Leicester) and some survived for a few years longer. The Leicester group founded by Jeff Martin was noted for its involvement in the setting up of the local "Gayline", which is still active today and has received funding from the [[National Lottery (United Kingdom)|National Lottery]]. They also carried out a high-profile campaign against the local paper, the ''[[Leicester Mercury]]'', which refused to advertise Gayline's services at the time.<ref>''Gay News'' (1978) No. 135; ''Peace News'' (January 13, 1978)</ref>

In Japan, LGBT groups were established in the 1970s.<ref>「オトコノコのためのボーイフレンド」（1986）</ref><ref>[[:ja:LGBTの社会運動#日本におけるLGBTの社会運動|LGBT social movements in Japan]]</ref> In 1971, [[:ja:東郷健|Ken Togo]] ran for the Upper House election.