Editing Kristiansand (section)

===Coat-of-arms===
The arms of Kristiansand were granted on 8 December 1909 and are based on the oldest seal of the city, dating from 1643. In 1643 King Christian IV granted the young town the right to use a seal with the [[Coat of arms of Norway#Golden lion|Norwegian lion]] and the royal crown. The crown indicates that the city was founded by the king. The other major element in the arms is a tree. As the species of tree is not specified, there are several known versions with differently shaped trees. A second seal, from 1658, shows a tree with leaves and what look like pine cones.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Norske Kommunevåpen |year=1990 |title=Nye kommunevåbener i Norden |url=http://www.ngw.nl/int/nor/k/kristian.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715090151/http://www.ngw.nl/int/nor/k/kristian.htm |archive-date=15 July 2007 |access-date=2008-09-27 |language=no}}</ref> On the base of the crown are the letters R. F. P., standing for ''Regna Firma Pietas'', "Piety strengthens the realm"; this was Christian IV's [[motto]]. Around the seal of the city is its motto, ''Cavsa Triumphat Tandem Bona'', "A good cause prevails in the end".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 1989 |title=Regler om bruk av Kristiansands byvåpen og segl i ikke kommunalt øyemed |url=http://www.kristiansand.kommune.no/PageFiles/16611/Regler%20for%20bruk%20av%20byv%C3%A5penet.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225223222/http://www.kristiansand.kommune.no/PageFiles/16611/Regler%20for%20bruk%20av%20byv%C3%A5penet.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2013 |access-date=2013-12-24 |publisher=Municipality of Kristiansand |language=no}}</ref>