Editing Korea (section)

===Three Kingdoms===
{{Main|Three Kingdoms of Korea|Baekje|Goguryeo|Silla}}
{{Self-published|section|date=November 2022}}
[[File:7th century painting of Koreans.png|thumb|7th century Tang dynasty painting of envoys from the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla]]
The [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]] consisted of [[Goguryeo]], [[Silla]], and [[Baekje]]. Silla and Baekje controlled the southern half of the [[Korean Peninsula]], maintaining the former [[Samhan]] territories, while Goguryeo controlled the northern half of the Korean Peninsula, Manchuria and the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], uniting [[Buyeo]], [[Okjeo]], [[Eastern Ye|Dongye]], and other states in the former [[Gojoseon]] territories.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/history.htm |title=Korea |publisher=Asian info |access-date=3 November 2009 |archive-date=4 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050220/http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Goguryeo]] was a highly militaristic state,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yi|first1=Ki-baek|title=A New History of Korea|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674615762|pages=23–24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA23|access-date=21 November 2016|language=en|year=1984}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Walker|first1=Hugh Dyson|title=East Asia: A New History|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781477265161|page=104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Z3a0NU4RHMC|language=en|date=2012|access-date=21 November 2016|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818181135/https://books.google.com/books?id=3Z3a0NU4RHMC|url-status=live}}{{self-published source|date=September 2020}}</ref> and a large empire in East Asia,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roberts|first1=John Morris|last2=Westad|first2=Odd Arne|title=The History of the World|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199936762|page=443|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A2cfZkU5aQgC&q=koguryo+powerful+empire|access-date=15 July 2016|language=en|year=2013|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234403/https://books.google.com/books?id=A2cfZkU5aQgC&q=koguryo+powerful+empire|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gardner|first=Hall|title=Averting Global War: Regional Challenges, Overextension, and Options for American Strategy|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230608733|pages=158–159|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=acvGAAAAQBAJ&q=great+powers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417203941/https://books.google.com/books?id=acvGAAAAQBAJ&q=great+powers|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=15 July 2016|language=en|date=27 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=de Laet|first=Sigfried J.|title=History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=9789231028137|page=1133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&pg=PA1133|access-date=10 October 2016|language=en|year=1994|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234404/https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&pg=PA1133|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Walker">{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Hugh Dyson|title=East Asia: A New History|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781477265178|pages=6–7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBvRs-za0CIC&pg=PA6|access-date=18 November 2016|language=en|date=20 November 2012}}{{self-published source|date=September 2020}}</ref> reaching its zenith in the 5th century when its territories expanded to encompass most of Manchuria to the north, parts of [[Inner Mongolia]] to the west,<ref>{{cite book|last=Tudor|first=Daniel|title=Korea: The Impossible Country: The Impossible Country|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=9781462910229|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BA_QAgAAQBAJ&q=Inner+Mongolia|access-date=15 July 2016|language=en|date=10 November 2012|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234917/https://books.google.com/books?id=BA_QAgAAQBAJ&q=Inner+Mongolia|url-status=live}}</ref> parts of Russia to the east,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kotkin|first1=Stephen|last2=Wolff|first2=David|title=Rediscovering Russia in Asia: Siberia and the Russian Far East: Siberia and the Russian Far East|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317461296|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_DqBgAAQBAJ&q=Koguryo+Siberia+Russia%27s|access-date=15 July 2016|language=en|date=4 March 2015}}</ref> and the Seoul region to the south.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kim|first=Jinwung|title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict|date=2012|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington, Indiana|isbn=978-0253000781|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA35|access-date=15 July 2016|language=en|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234408/https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA35|url-status=live}}</ref> Goguryeo experienced a golden age under [[Gwanggaeto the Great]] and his son [[Jangsu of Goguryeo|Jangsu]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yi|first1=Hyŏn-hŭi|last2=Pak|first2=Sŏng-su|last3=Yun|first3=Nae-hyŏn|title=New history of Korea|publisher=Jimoondang|isbn=9788988095850|page=201|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KO8MAQAAMAAJ|language=en|year=2005|access-date=29 July 2016|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234407/https://books.google.com/books?id=KO8MAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}} "He launched a military expedition to expand his territory, opening the golden age of Goguryeo."</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hall|first=John Whitney|title=The Cambridge History of Japan|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521223522|page=362|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3_6lp8IOK8C|access-date=29 July 2016|language=en|year=1988}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Embree|first=Ainslie Thomas|title=Encyclopedia of Asian history|publisher=Scribner|isbn=9780684188997|page=324|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtwpAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Nevertheless%2C+the+reigns+of+Kwanggaet%27o+and+his+successor+Changsu+%28413-491%29+constituted+the+golden+age+of+Koguryo.%22|access-date=29 July 2016|language=en|year=1988|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328145304/https://books.google.com/books?id=LtwpAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Nevertheless%2C+the+reigns+of+Kwanggaet%27o+and+his+successor+Changsu+%28413-491%29+constituted+the+golden+age+of+Koguryo.%22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Warren I.|title=East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231502511|page=50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Okjd2rDwb8IC&q=%22Koguryo%27s+Golden+Age%22|access-date=29 July 2016|language=en|date=20 December 2000|archive-date=4 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204041023/https://books.google.com/books?id=Okjd2rDwb8IC&q=%22Koguryo%27s+Golden+Age%22|url-status=live}}</ref> who both subdued Baekje and Silla during their times, achieving a brief unification of the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]] and becoming the most dominant power on the Korean Peninsula.<ref name="Jinwung">{{cite book|last=Kim|first=Jinwung|title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253000781|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA35|access-date=11 October 2016|language=en|date=5 November 2012|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234408/https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA35|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kings and Queens of Korea|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/archive/program/program_dynasty.htm?no=10039827|website=[[KBS World]] Radio|publisher=Korea Communications Commission|access-date=26 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828051916/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/archive/program/program_dynasty.htm?no=10039827|archive-date=28 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition to contesting for control of the Korean Peninsula, Goguryeo had many [[Military history of Goguryeo|military conflicts]] with various Chinese dynasties,<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Hugh Dyson|title=East Asia: A New History|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781477265178|page=161|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBvRs-za0CIC&pg=PA161|access-date=8 November 2016|language=en|date=20 November 2012}}{{self-published source|date=September 2020}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=June 2020}} most notably the [[Goguryeo–Sui War]], in which Goguryeo defeated a huge force said to number over a million men.<ref>{{cite book|last1=White|first1=Matthew|title=Atrocities: The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=9780393081923|page=78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-fQHlaIpR4C&pg=PA78|access-date=8 November 2016|language=en|date=7 November 2011|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234918/https://books.google.com/books?id=0-fQHlaIpR4C&pg=PA78|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Grant|first1=Reg G.|title=1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History|publisher=Universe Pub.|isbn=9780789322333|page=104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4njwZGrZg4C&pg=PA104|access-date=8 November 2016|language=en|year=2011|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005647/https://books.google.com/books?id=s4njwZGrZg4C&pg=PA104|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bedeski|first1=Robert|title=Human Security and the Chinese State: Historical Transformations and the Modern Quest for Sovereignty|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134125975|page=90|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNl9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90|access-date=8 November 2016|language=en|date=12 March 2007|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234920/https://books.google.com/books?id=iNl9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Yi|first1=Ki-baek|title=A New History of Korea|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674615762|page=47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA47|access-date=29 July 2016|language=en|year=1984|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234931/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA47|url-status=live}} "Koguryŏ was the first to open hostilities, with a bold assault across the Liao River against Liao-hsi, in 598. The Sui emperor, Wen Ti, launched a retaliatory attack on Koguryŏ but met with reverses and turned back in mid-course. Yang Ti, the next Sui emperor, proceeded in 612 to mount an invasion of unprecedented magnitude, marshalling a huge force said to number over a million men. And when his armies failed to take Liao-tung Fortress (modern Liao-yang), the anchor of Koguryŏ's first line of defense, he had a nearly a third of his forces, some 300,000 strong, break off the battle there and strike directly at the Koguryŏ capital of P'yŏngyang. But the Sui army was lured into a trap by the famed Koguryŏ commander Ŭlchi Mundŏk, and suffered a calamitous defeat at the Salsu (Ch'ŏngch'ŏn) River. It is said that only 2,700 of the 300,000 Sui soldiers who had crossed the Yalu survived to find their way back, and the Sui emperor now lifted the siege of Liao-tung Fortress and withdrew his forces to China proper. Yang Ti continued to send his armies against Koguryŏ but again without success, and before long his war-weakened empire crumbled."</ref><ref name="Nahm">{{cite book|last1=Nahm|first1=Andrew C.|title=A Panorama of 5000 Years: Korean History|date=2005|publisher=Hollym International Corporation|location=Seoul|isbn=978-0930878689|page=[https://archive.org/details/panoramaof5000ye0000nahm/page/18 18]|edition=Second revised|url=https://archive.org/details/panoramaof5000ye0000nahm/page/18}} "China, which had been split into many states since the early 3rd century, was reunified by the Sui dynasty at the end of the 6th century. Soon afterward, Sui China mobilized its army and invaded Koguryŏ. However, the people of Koguryŏ were united and able to repel the Chinese invasion. In 612, Sui troops invaded Korea again, but Koguryŏ forces fought bravely and destroyed Sui troops everywhere. General Ŭlchi Mundŏk of Koguryŏ completely wiped out some 300,000 Sui troops which came across the Yalu River in the battles near the Salsu River (now Ch'ŏngch'ŏn River) with his ingenious military tactics. Only 2,700 Sui troops were able to flee from Korea. The Sui dynasty, which wasted so much energy and manpower in aggressive wars against Koguryŏ, fell in 618."</ref> In 642, the powerful general [[Yeon Gaesomun]] led a coup and gained complete control over Goguryeo. In response, Emperor [[Tang Taizong]] of China led a [[First conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War|campaign against Goguryeo]], in which the Gorguryeo forces were decimated by the Tang at the [[Battle of Mount Jupil]]. Taizong was later defeated at the [[Battle of Ansi]] and withdrew his forces from Goguryeo.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781851096725|page=406|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC|language=en|date=23 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Walker|first1=Hugh Dyson|title=East Asia: A New History|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781477265178|page=161|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBvRs-za0CIC&pg=PA161|access-date=4 November 2016|language=en|date=20 November 2012}}{{self-published source|date=September 2020}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=June 2020}} After the death of Tang Taizong, his son Emperor [[Tang Gaozong]] allied with the Korean kingdom of Silla and invaded Goguryeo again, but were forced to withdraw in 662.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ring|first1=Trudy|last2=Watson|first2=Noelle|last3=Schellinger|first3=Paul|title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136639791|page=486|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&q=stalwart+defenses|access-date=16 July 2016|language=en|date=12 November 2012|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234935/https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&q=stalwart+defenses|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Maps">{{cite book|last1=Injae|first1=Lee|last2=Miller|first2=Owen|last3=Jinhoon|first3=Park|last4=Hyun-Hae|first4=Yi|title=Korean History in Maps|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107098466|page=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46OTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|access-date=17 July 2016|language=en|date=15 December 2014|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234923/https://books.google.com/books?id=46OTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Yeon Gaesomun died of a natural cause in 666 and Goguryeo was thrown into chaos and weakened by a succession struggle among his sons and younger brother, with his eldest son defecting to [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] and his younger brother defecting to Silla.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yi|first1=Ki-baek|title=A New History of Korea|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674615762|page=67|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA67|access-date=2 August 2016|language=en|year=1984|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234925/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA67|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Djun Kil|title=The History of Korea, 2nd Edition|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695824|page=49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgxvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|access-date=17 July 2016|language=en|date=30 May 2014}}</ref> The Tang-Silla alliance conquered Goguryeo in 668. After the collapse of Goguryeo, Tang and Silla ended their alliance and fought over control of the Korean Peninsula. Silla succeeded in gaining control over most of the Korean Peninsula, while Tang gained control over Goguryeo's northern territories. However, 30 years after the fall of Goguryeo, a Goguryeo general by the name of [[Dae Joyeong]] founded the Korean-Mohe state of [[Balhae]] and successfully expelled the Tang presence from much of the former Goguryeo territories.

[[File:Seokguram Buddha.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Seokguram Grotto]] from the [[Silla]] era, a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]]
The southwestern Korean kingdom of [[Baekje]] was founded around modern-day [[Seoul]] by a [[Onjo of Baekje|Goguryeo prince]], a son of the [[Dongmyeong of Goguryeo|founder of Goguryeo]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pratt|first1=Chairman Department of East Asian Studies Keith|last2=Pratt|first2=Keith|last3=Rutt|first3=Richard|title=Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136793936|page=135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r15cAgAAQBAJ&q=%22prince+of+Koguryo%22|access-date=22 July 2016|language=en|date=16 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Yu|first1=Chai-Shin|title=The New History of Korean Civilization|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=9781462055593|page=27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYKNdiDCGLAC&pg=PA27|access-date=22 July 2016|language=en|year=2012|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005648/https://books.google.com/books?id=TYKNdiDCGLAC&pg=PA27|url-status=live}}{{self-published source|date=September 2020}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=June 2020}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Jinwung|title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253000781|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&q=%22son+of+Chumong%22|access-date=22 July 2016|language=en|date=5 November 2012}}</ref> Baekje absorbed all of the [[Mahan confederacy|Mahan]] states and subjugated most of the western Korean peninsula (including the modern provinces of [[Gyeonggi]], [[Chungcheong-do|Chungcheong]], and [[Jeolla]], as well as parts of [[Hwanghae]] and [[Gangwon-do (South Korea)|Gangwon]]) to a centralised government; during the expansion of its territory, Baekje acquired Chinese culture and technology through maritime contacts with the [[Southern Dynasties]]. Baekje was a great maritime power;<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ebrey|first1=Patricia Buckley|last2=Walthall|first2=Anne|last3=Palais|first3=James B.|title=East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=9780618133840|page=123|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0entAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Paekche+was+probably+the+most+important+maritime+nation+in+the+late+fourth+century%22|access-date=12 September 2016|language=en|year=2006|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328145155/https://books.google.com/books?id=0entAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Paekche+was+probably+the+most+important+maritime+nation+in+the+late+fourth+century%22|url-status=live}}</ref> its nautical skill, which made it the [[Phoenicia]] of East Asia, was instrumental in the dissemination of Buddhism throughout East Asia and continental culture to Japan.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kitagawa|first1=Joseph|title=The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136875908|page=348|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ|access-date=29 July 2016|language=en|date=5 September 2013|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703151449/https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ebrey|first1=Patricia Buckley|last2=Walthall|first2=Anne|last3=Palais|first3=James B.|title=East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1111808150|page=104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CWE8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104|access-date=12 September 2016|language=en|year=2013|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005701/https://books.google.com/books?id=CWE8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104|url-status=live}}</ref> Historic evidence suggests that Japanese culture, art, and language were influenced by the kingdom of Baekje and Korea itself;<ref name="Walker" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Griffis|first1=William Elliot|title=Corea, Without and Within: Chapters on Corean History, Manners and Religion|year=1885|publisher=Presbyterian Board of Publication|url=https://archive.org/details/coreawithoutwith00grif_0|page=[https://archive.org/details/coreawithoutwith00grif_0/page/251 251]|quote=Corea was not only the road by which the art of China reached Japan, but it is the original home of many of the art-ideas which the world believes to be purely Japanese..|access-date=25 September 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | publisher = [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] | title = Yayo | url = http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/yayo/hd_yayo.htm | quote = Metallurgy was also introduced from the Asian mainland during this time. Bronze and iron were used to make weapons, armor, tools, and ritual implements such as bells (dotaku) | access-date = 17 July 2011 | archive-date = 4 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200104161858/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/yayo/hd_yayo.htm | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | newspaper = [[Choson Sinbo]]| publisher = Korea NP  | title = Kitora Tomb Originates in Koguryo Murals | place = [[Japan|JP]] | last = Chon | first = Ho Chon | url = http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/pk/035th_issue/98032502.htm | issue = 35 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023335/http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/pk/035th_issue/98032502.htm | archive-date = 26 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/japan/yayoi/yayoi.html |publisher=MNSU |title=eMuseum |contribution=Yayoi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226121349/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/japan/yayoi/yayoi.html |archive-date=26 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2131.html | title = Japanese history: Jomon, Yayoi, Kofun | publisher = Japan guide | date = 9 June 2002 | access-date = 21 May 2012 | archive-date = 19 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181119100114/https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2131.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiasocietymuseum.com/ |title=Asia Society: The Collection in Context |publisher=Asia society museum |access-date=21 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919042244/http://www.asiasocietymuseum.com/ |archive-date=19 September 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Pottery – MSN Encarta |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568150_4/Pottery.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029161656/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568150_4/Pottery.html |archive-date=29 October 2009 |url-status=dead}} "The pottery of the Yayoi culture ({{c.|lk=no|300}} BCE – CE {{c.|lk=no|250}}), made by a Mongol people who came from Korea to Kyūshū, has been found throughout Japan. "</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2046.html |title=Kanji |publisher=Japan guide |date=25 November 2010 |access-date=21 May 2012 |archive-date=10 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510085157/http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2046.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Noma| first = Seiroku| title = The Arts of Japan: Late Medieval to Modern| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hhOj8JrLQBMC&pg=PA218| access-date = 21 May 2012| year = 2003| publisher = Kodansha International| isbn = 978-4-7700-2978-2| archive-date = 15 February 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230215234434/https://books.google.com/books?id=hhOj8JrLQBMC&pg=PA218| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "www2.kenyon.edu">{{cite web | url= http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Reln275/Jap-Kor-art.htm | title= Japanese Art and Its Korean Secret | publisher= Kenyon | date= 6 April 2003 | access-date= 21 May 2012 | archive-date= 9 July 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110709082157/http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Reln275/Jap-Kor-art.htm | url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080428-ancient-tomb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501083556/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080428-ancient-tomb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 May 2008 |title = Japanese Royal Tomb Opened to Scholars for First Time |publisher= National geographic |date= 28 October 2010 | access-date = 21 May 2012}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=November 2022}} Baekje also played an important role in transmitting advanced Chinese culture to the Japanese archipelago. Baekje was once a great military power on the Korean Peninsula, most notably in the 4th century during the rule of [[Geunchogo of Baekje|Geunchogo]] when its influence extended across the sea to [[Liaoxi]] and [[Shandong]] in China, taking advantage of the weakened state of [[Former Qin]], and [[Kyushu]] in the Japanese archipelago;<ref>{{cite book|title=A Brief History of Korea|publisher=Ewha Womans University Press|isbn=9788973006199|pages=29–30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-WlUd3cjh0C&pg=PT29|access-date=21 November 2016|language=en|date=1 January 2005}}</ref> however, Baekje was critically defeated by Gwanggaeto the Great and declined.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yu|first1=Chai-Shin|title=The New History of Korean Civilization|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=9781462055593|page=27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYKNdiDCGLAC&pg=PA27|access-date=21 November 2016|language=en|year=2012|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005648/https://books.google.com/books?id=TYKNdiDCGLAC&pg=PA27|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Three Kingdoms of Korea Map.png|thumb|The [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]], at the end of the 5th century]]
Although later records claim that [[Silla]] was the oldest of the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]], it is now believed to have been the last kingdom to develop. By the 2nd century, Silla existed as a large state in the southeast, occupying and influencing its neighbouring city-states. In 562, Silla annexed the [[Gaya confederacy]], which was located between Baekje and Silla. The Three Kingdoms of Korea often warred with each other and Silla was often dominated by Baekje and Goguryeo. Silla was the smallest and weakest of the three, but it used cunning diplomatic means to make opportunistic pacts and alliances with the more powerful Korean kingdoms, and eventually Tang China, to its great advantage.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Jinwung|title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253000248|pages=44–45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2EVi-MpnUsC&pg=PA44|access-date=12 September 2016|language=en|year=2012|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005648/https://books.google.com/books?id=s2EVi-MpnUsC&pg=PA44|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wells|first1=Kenneth M.|title=Korea: Outline of a Civilisation|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004300057|pages=18–19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zoLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|access-date=12 September 2016|language=en|date=3 July 2015|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005648/https://books.google.com/books?id=6zoLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|url-status=live}}</ref> In 660, King [[Muyeol of Silla|Muyeol]] ordered his armies to attack [[Baekje]]. General [[Kim Yu-shin]], aided by [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] forces, conquered Baekje after defeating General [[Gyebaek]] at the [[Battle of Hwangsanbeol]]. In 661, Silla and Tang attacked Goguryeo but were repelled. King [[Munmu of Silla|Munmu]], son of Muyeol and nephew of General Kim Yu-shin, launched another campaign in 667 and Goguryeo fell in the following year.<!--Note: this is a short summary.  Do not add details here: please expand content on the main article (History of Korea) -->