Editing Kingdom of Strathclyde (section)

===The end of Strathclyde===
If the kings of Alba imagined, as John of Fordun did, that they were rulers of Strathclyde, the death of [[Culen of Scotland|Cuilén mac Iduilb]] and his brother [[Eochaid]] at the hands of [[Rhydderch ap Dyfnwal]] in 971, said to be in revenge for the rape or abduction of his daughter, shows otherwise. A major source for confusion comes from the name of Rhydderch's successor, [[Máel Coluim I of Strathclyde|Máel Coluim]], now thought to be a son of the Dyfnwal ab Owain who died in Rome, but long confused with the later king of Scots [[Malcolm II of Scotland|Máel Coluim mac Cináeda]].<ref>Duncan, ''Kingship of the Scots'', pp. 23–24.</ref> Máel Coluim appears to have been followed by [[Owen the Bald]] who is thought to have died at the battle of Carham in 1018. It seems likely that Owen had a successor, although his name is unknown.

Some time after 1018 and before 1054, the kingdom of Strathclyde appears to have been conquered by the Scots, most probably during the reign of Máel Coluim mac Cináeda who died in 1034.<ref>No King of Strathclyde is named by the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' when Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, Mac Bethad and [[Echmarcach mac Ragnaill]] met with [[Canute the Great|Canute]] in 1031.</ref> In 1054, the English king [[Edward the Confessor]] dispatched Earl [[Siward of Northumbria]] against the Scots, ruled by [[Macbeth of Scotland|Mac Bethad mac Findláich]] (Macbeth), along with an otherwise unknown "Malcolm son of the king of the Cumbrians", in Strathclyde. The name Malcolm or Máel Coluim again caused confusion, some historians later supposing that this was the later king of Scots [[Malcolm III of Scotland|Máel Coluim mac Donnchada]] (Máel Coluim Cenn Mór). It is not known if Malcolm/Máel Coluim ever became "king of the Cumbrians", or, if so, for how long.<ref>For this episode see Duncan, ''Kingship of the Scots'', pp. 40–41.</ref>

The Keswick area was conquered by the Anglo-Saxon [[Kingdom of Northumbria]] in the 7th century, but Northumbria was destroyed by the [[Viking]]s in the late 9th. In the early 10th century it became part of Strathclyde; it remained part of Strathclyde until about 1050, when [[Siward, Earl of Northumbria]], conquered that part of Cumbria.<ref>Charles-Edards, pp. 12, 575; Clarkson, pp. 12, 63–66, 154–58</ref>

[[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]] was part of [[Scotland]] by 1066, and thus was not recorded in the 1086 [[Domesday Book]]. This changed in 1092, when William the Conqueror's son [[William Rufus]] invaded the region and incorporated [[Cumberland]] into England. The construction of [[Carlisle Castle]] began in 1093 on the site of the Roman fort, south of the [[River Eden, Cumbria|River Eden]]. The castle was rebuilt in stone in 1112, with a keep and the city walls.

By the 1070s, if not earlier in the reign of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, it appears that the Scots again controlled Strathclyde. It is certain that Strathclyde did indeed become an appanage, for it was granted by [[Alexander I of Scotland|Alexander I]] to his brother [[David, Prince of the Cumbrians]], later [[David I of Scotland|David I]], in 1107.