Editing Kingdom (biology) (section)

=== Five kingdoms ===
{{anchor|Five kingdoms}}The differences between [[fungi]] and other organisms regarded as plants had long been recognised by some; Haeckel had moved the fungi out of Plantae into Protista after his original classification,<ref name=Scamardella1999/> but was largely ignored in this separation by scientists of his time. [[Robert Whittaker (ecologist)|Robert Whittaker]] recognized an additional kingdom for the [[Fungus|Fungi]].<ref name="Whittaker5">{{cite journal |last=Whittaker |first=R.H. |date=January 1969|title=New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=163|issue=3863 |pages=150–60 |pmid=5762760 |doi=10.1126/science.163.3863.150|bibcode = 1969Sci...163..150W |citeseerx=10.1.1.403.5430}}</ref> The resulting five-kingdom system, proposed in 1969 by Whittaker, has become a popular standard and with some refinement is still used in many works and forms the basis for new multi-kingdom systems. It is based mainly upon differences in [[nutrition]]; his Plantae were mostly multicellular [[autotroph]]s, his Animalia multicellular [[heterotroph]]s, and his Fungi multicellular [[saprotroph]]s.

The remaining two kingdoms, Protista and Monera, included unicellular and simple cellular colonies.<ref name="Whittaker5"/> The five kingdom system may be combined with the two empire system. In the Whittaker system, Plantae included some algae. In other systems, such as [[Lynn Margulis]]'s system of five kingdoms, the plants included just the land plants ([[Embryophyte|Embryophyta]]), and Protoctista has a broader definition.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Margulis |first1=Lynn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IWaqAOGyt4C |title=Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth |last2=Chapman |first2=Michael J. |date=2009-03-19 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=9780080920146 |pages=10 |name-list-style=vanc |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

Following publication of Whittaker's system, the five-kingdom model began to be commonly used in high school biology textbooks.<ref name="Emily Case"/> But despite the development from two kingdoms to five among most scientists, some authors as late as 1975 continued to employ a traditional two-kingdom system of animals and plants, dividing the plant kingdom into subkingdoms Prokaryota (bacteria and cyanobacteria), Mycota (fungi and supposed relatives), and Chlorota (algae and land plants).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=E. Laurence |last2=Fowler |first2=Seymour H. |date=January 1975|title=Fieldbook of Natural History |edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldbookofnatur00palm|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]|isbn=978-0-070-48425-2 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

{{clade
   |label1=Life
   |1={{clade
      |label1=Empire [[Prokaryota]]
      |1={{clade
         |1=Kingdom [[Monera]]
         }}
      |label2=Empire [[Eukaryota]]
      |2={{clade
         |1=Kingdom [[Protista]] or Protoctista
         |2=Kingdom [[Plantae]]
         |3=Kingdom [[Fungi]]
         |4=Kingdom [[Animalia]]
         }}
      }}
   }}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+ {{nowrap|Whittaker's five kingdom system (1969)<ref name="Whittaker5"/>}}
|-style="font-size: 87%;vertical-align: top;background: white"
||
'''Kingdom [[Monera]]'''
*Branch Myxomonera
**Phylum [[Cyanophyta]]
**Phylum Myxobacteriae
*Branch Mastigomonera
**Phylum Eubacteriae
**Phylum [[Actinomycota]]
**Phylum [[Spirochaetae]]
||
'''Kingdom [[Protista]]'''
*Phylum [[Euglenophyta]]
*Phylum [[Chrysophyta]]
*Phylum [[Pyrrophyta]]
*Phylum [[Hyphochytridiomycota]]
*Phylum [[Plasmodiophoromycota]]
*Phylum [[Sporozoa]]
*Phylum [[Cnidosporidia]]
*Phylum [[Zoomastigina]]
*Phylum [[Sarcodina]]
*Phylum [[Ciliophora]]
||
'''Kingdom [[Plantae]]'''
*Subkingdom [[Rhodophyta|Rhodophycophyta]]
**Phylum [[Rhodophyta]]
*Subkingdom [[Phaeophyta|Phaeophycophyta]]
**Phylum [[Phaeophyta]]
*Subkingdom [[Viridiplantae|Euchlorophyta]]
**Branch [[Green algae|Chlorophycophyta]]
***Phylum [[Chlorophyta]]
***Phylum [[Charophyta]]
**Branch [[Embryophyta|Metaphyta]]
***Phylum [[Moss|Bryophyta]]
***Phylum [[Tracheophyta]]
||
'''Kingdom [[Fungi]]'''
*Subkingdom Gymnomycota
**Phylum [[Mycetozoa|Myxomycota]]
**Phylum [[Acrasiomycota]]
**Phylum [[Labyrinthulomycota]]
*Subkingdom Dimastigomycota
**Phylum [[Oomycota]]
*Subkingdom [[Eumycota]]
**Branch Opisthomastigomycota
***Phylum [[Chytridiomycota]]
**Branch [[Amastigomycota]]
***Phylum [[Zygomycota]]
***Phylum [[Ascomycota]]
***Phylum [[Basidiomycota]]
||
'''Kingdom [[Animalia]]'''
*Subkingdom Agnotozoa
**Phylum [[Mesozoa]]
*Subkingdom Parazoa
**Phylum [[Porifera]]
**Phylum [[Archaeocyatha]] {{extinct}}
*Subkingdom [[Eumetazoa]]
**Branch [[Radiata]]
***Phylum [[Cnidaria]]
***Phylum [[Ctenophora]]
**Branch [[Bilateria]]
***Grade [[Acoelomata]]
****Phylum [[Platyhelminthes]]
****Phylum [[Nemertea]] or Rhynchocoela
***Grade [[Pseudocoelomata]]
****Phylum [[Acanthocephala]]
****Phylum [[Aschelminthes]]
****Phylum [[Entoprocta]] or [[Kamptozoa]]
***Grade [[Coelomata]]
****Subgrade [[Protostome|Schizocoela]]
*****Phylum [[Bryozoa]] or [[Ectoprocta]]
*****Phylum [[Brachiopoda]]
*****Phylum [[Phoronida]]
*****Phylum [[Mollusca]]
*****Phylum [[Sipunculoidea]]
*****Phylum [[Echiuroidea]]
*****Phylum [[Annelida]]
*****Phylum [[Arthropoda]]
****Subgrade [[Deuterostome|Enterocoela]]
*****Phylum Brachiata or [[Pogonophora (worm)|Pogonophora]]
*****Phylum [[Chaetognatha]]
*****Phylum [[Echinodermata]]
*****Phylum [[Hemichordata]]
*****Phylum [[Chordata]]
|}