Editing Khartoum (section)

== Geography ==
[[File:River_Nile_map.svg|thumb|left|Khartoum (''center'') is near the middle of the Nile river system]]

=== Location ===
Khartoum is located at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zerboni |first1=Andrea |last2=Brandolini |first2=Filippo |last3=Mariani |first3=Guido S. |last4=Perego |first4=Alessandro |last5=Salvatori |first5=Sandro |last6=Usai |first6=Donatella |last7=Pelfini |first7=Manuela |last8=Williams |first8=Martin A.J. |date=2021-07-28 |title=The Khartoum-Omdurman conurbation: a growing megacity at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile Rivers |journal=Journal of Maps |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=227–240 |doi=10.1080/17445647.2020.1758810 |bibcode=2021JMaps..17..227Z |s2cid=219435266 |doi-access=free|hdl=2434/729918 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> 

Khartoum is relatively flat, at elevation {{cvt|385|m}},<ref name="dto">{{cite web |title=Khartoum Elevation (385m) |website=distancesto.com |url=https://www.distancesto.com/elevation/sd/khartoum/history/14508.html |date=2018 |access-date=2018-01-28 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129141724/https://www.distancesto.com/elevation/sd/khartoum/history/14508.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as the Nile flows northeast past Omdurman to [[Shendi]], at elevation {{cvt|364|m}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Shendi Elevation (364m) |website=distancesto.com |url=https://www.distancesto.com/elevation/sd/shendi-latitude-longitude/history/49674.html |date=2018 |access-date=2018-01-28 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129141549/https://www.distancesto.com/elevation/sd/shendi-latitude-longitude/history/49674.html |url-status=live }}</ref> about {{cvt|163|km}} away.

===Climate===
Khartoum features a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BWh'') with a dry season occurring during winter, typical of the Saharo-Sahelian zone, which marks the progressive passage between the [[Sahara Desert]]'s vast arid areas and the [[Sahel]]'s vast semi-arid areas. The climate is extremely dry for most of the year, with about eight months when average rainfall is lower than {{cvt|5|mm}}. The very long dry season is itself divided into a warm, very dry season between November and February, as well as a very hot, dry season between March and May. During this part of the year, hot, dry continental [[trade winds]] from deserts, such as the [[harmattan]], sweep over the region; the weather is stable and very dry.

The very irregular, very brief, rainy season lasts about 1 month as the maximum rainfall is recorded in August, with about {{cvt|48|mm}}. The rainy season is characterized by a seasonal reverse of wind regimes, when the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] goes northerly. Average annual rainfall is very low, with only {{cvt|121.3|mm}} of precipitation. Khartoum records on average six days with {{cvt|10|mm}} or more and 19 days with {{cvt|1|mm}} or more of rainfall. The highest temperatures occur during two periods in the year: the first at the late dry season, when average high temperatures consistently exceed {{cvt|40|C}} from April to June, and the second at the early dry season, when average high temperatures exceed {{cvt|39|C}} in September and October. Temperatures cool off somewhat during the night, with Khartoum's lowest average low temperature of the year, in January, just above {{cvt|15|C}}. Khartoum is one of the hottest major cities on Earth, with annual mean temperatures hovering around {{cvt|30|C}}. The city also has very warm winters. In no month does the average monthly high temperature fall below {{cvt|30|C}}. This is something not seen in other major cities with hot desert climates, such as [[Riyadh]], [[Baghdad]] and [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |title=Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification |first=M. C. |last=Peel |author2=B. L. Finlayson |author3=T. A. McMahon |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=11 |issue=5 |year=2007 |pages=1633–1644 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |doi-access=free |access-date=30 November 2017 |archive-date=29 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229181440/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = Khartoum (1991–2020)
|metric first = y
|single line = y
|Jan record high C = 42.7
|Feb record high C = 42.5
|Mar record high C = 45.6
|Apr record high C = 46.5
|May record high C = 47.5
|Jun record high C = 46.5
|Jul record high C = 44.7
|Aug record high C = 44.0
|Sep record high C = 45.3
|Oct record high C = 43.5
|Nov record high C = 41.5
|Dec record high C = 39.5
|year record high C = 47.5
|Jan high C = 31.0
|Feb high C = 33.7
|Mar high C = 37.0
|Apr high C = 40.6
|May high C = 42.1
|Jun high C = 41.5
|Jul high C = 38.8
|Aug high C = 36.9
|Sep high C = 38.9
|Oct high C = 39.5
|Nov high C = 35.6
|Dec high C = 32.1
|year high C = 37.3
|Jan mean C = 23.6
|Feb mean C = 25.9
|Mar mean C = 29.1
|Apr mean C = 32.8
|May mean C = 35.0
|Jun mean C = 34.9
|Jul mean C = 32.7
|Aug mean C = 31.1
|Sep mean C = 32.7
|Oct mean C = 32.9
|Nov mean C = 28.8
|Dec mean C = 25.0
|year mean C = 30.4
|Jan low C = 16.1
|Feb low C = 18.0
|Mar low C = 21.1
|Apr low C = 24.9
|May low C = 27.9
|Jun low C = 28.2
|Jul low C = 26.7
|Aug low C = 25.4
|Sep low C = 26.5
|Oct low C = 26.4
|Nov low C = 22.0
|Dec low C = 18.0
|year low C = 23.4
|Jan record low C = 7.5
|Feb record low C = 8.4
|Mar record low C = 12.5
|Apr record low C = 16.0
|May record low C = 18.5
|Jun record low C = 20.2
|Jul record low C = 17.8
|Aug record low C = 18.0
|Sep record low C = 17.7
|Oct record low C = 17.5
|Nov record low C = 14.5
|Dec record low C = 10.4
|year record low C = 7.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 0.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 0.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 0.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 0.4
|May precipitation mm = 4.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 3.4
|Jul precipitation mm = 24.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 53.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 24.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 9.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 0.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 0.0
|year precipitation mm = 120.4
|precipitation days =
|Jan precipitation days = 0.0
|Feb precipitation days = 0.0
|Mar precipitation days = 0.0
|Apr precipitation days = 0.0
|May precipitation days = 0.7
|Jun precipitation days = 0.6
|Jul precipitation days = 2.8
|Aug precipitation days = 4.8
|Sep precipitation days = 2.3
|Oct precipitation days = 1.1
|Nov precipitation days = 0.0
|Dec precipitation days = 0.0
|year precipitation days = 12.4
|Jan humidity = 26
|Feb humidity = 21
|Mar humidity = 16
|Apr humidity = 14
|May humidity = 19
|Jun humidity = 26
|Jul humidity = 42
|Aug humidity = 53
|Sep humidity = 44
|Oct humidity = 30
|Nov humidity = 25
|Dec humidity = 29
|year humidity = 29
|Jan sun = 316.2
|Feb sun = 296.6
|Mar sun = 316.2
|Apr sun = 318.0
|May sun = 310.0
|Jun sun = 279.0
|Jul sun = 269.7
|Aug sun = 272.8
|Sep sun = 273.0
|Oct sun = 306.9
|Nov sun = 303.0
|Dec sun = 319.3
|year sun = 
|Jand sun = 9.8
|Febd sun = 9.8
|Mard sun = 9.7
|Aprd sun = 9.8
|Mayd sun = 8.9
|Jund sun = 8.2
|Juld sun = 7.3
|Augd sun = 7.4
|Sepd sun = 8.3
|Octd sun = 9.5
|Novd sun = 10.0
|Decd sun = 9.9
|yeard sun = 9.1
|source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organisation]],<ref name="WMO" >{{cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Sudan/XLS/Khartoum_62721.xlsx |title=World Weather Information Service – Khartoum |access-date=6 May 2010 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |archive-date=6 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206080422/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Sudan/XLS/Khartoum_62721.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref> NOAA (extremes and humidity 1961–1990)<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/SU/62721.TXT |title=Khartoum Climate Normals 1961–1990 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=16 January 2014 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419233117/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/SU/62721.TXT |url-status=live }}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sun, 1961–1990)<ref name = DWD>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_627210_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Khartoum / Sudan |work=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de |access-date=22 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305012728/http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_627210_kt.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}