Editing Kenneth Kaunda (section)

===Foreign policy===
[[File:Zambia123f.jpg|thumb|left|Kaunda visiting [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] in 1970]]
During his early presidency Kaunda was an outspoken supporter of the [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid]] movement and opposed white minority rule in Southern Rhodesia. Kaunda supported the succession of [[Biafra]] when he recognized it as an independent nation on May 20, 1968.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anglin |first=Douglas |year=1971 |title=Zambia and the Recognition of Biafra |journal= The African Review |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=102–136 |jstor= 45341498 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341498}}</ref> Although his nationalisation of the [[copper mining]] industry in the late 1960s and the volatility of international copper prices contributed to increased economic problems,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shafer |first=Michael |year=1983 |title=Capturing the Mineral Multinationals: Advantage or Disadvantage? |journal=International Organization |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=93–119 |doi=10.1017/S0020818300004215 |issn=0020-8183 |jstor=2706487|s2cid=154660324 }}</ref> matters were aggravated by his logistical support for the black nationalist movements in [[Ian Smith]]'s [[Rhodesia]], [[South West Africa]], [[People's Republic of Angola|Angola]], and [[People's Republic of Mozambique|Mozambique]]. Kaunda's administration later attempted to serve the role of a mediator between the entrenched white minority and colonial governments and the various guerrilla movements which were aimed at overthrowing these respective administrations. Beginning in the early 1970s, he began permitting the most prominent guerrilla organisations, such as the Rhodesian [[ZANU]] and the [[African National Congress]], to use Zambia as a base for their operations. Former ANC president [[Oliver Tambo]] even spent a significant proportion of his 30-year exile living and working in Zambia.<ref>[http://www.anc.org.za/people/tambo_or.html Oliver Tambo Biography<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218175948/http://www.anc.org.za/people/tambo_or.html |date=18 December 2005 }}</ref> [[Joshua Nkomo]], leader of [[ZAPU]], also erected military encampments there, as did [[SWAPO]] and its military wing, the [[People's Liberation Army of Namibia]].<ref>[https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=29476&page=archive-read April 27 1976 – an event exiled in history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903121612/https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=29476&page=archive-read |date=3 September 2017 }}, ''[[The Namibian]]'', 27 April 2007</ref>[[File:Cropped white house 78.png|thumb|Kaunda and US president [[Jimmy Carter]] at the [[White House]] in 1978]]In the first twenty years of Kaunda's presidency, he and his advisors sought numerous times to acquire modern weapons from the United States. In a letter written to US president [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] in 1967, Kaunda inquired if the United States would provide him with long-range missile systems.<ref name="AndyDeroche2016" /> This request for modern weapons even included missiles with nuclear warheads.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=DeRoche |first1=Andy |date=18 May 2007 |title=Non-alignment on the Racial Frontier: Zambia and the USA, 1964–68 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14682740701284132 |journal=[[Cold War History (journal)|Cold War History]] |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=227–250 |doi=10.1080/14682740701284132 |s2cid=154605351 |access-date=8 March 2023 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308164452/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14682740701284132 |url-status=live }}</ref> All of his requests for modern weapons were refused by the United States. In 1980, Kaunda purchased sixteen [[MiG-21]] jets from the [[Soviet Union]], which ultimately provoked a reaction from the United States. Kaunda responded to the United States, stating that after numerous failed attempts to purchase weapons, buying from the Soviets was justified in his duty to protect his citizens and Zambian national security. His attempted purchase of modern American weapons may have been a political tactic to use fear to establish his one-party rule over Zambia.<ref name="AndyDeroche2016">{{Cite journal |last=DeRoche |first=Andy |date=1 November 2016 |title=Asserting African Agency: Kenneth Kaunda and the USA, 1964–1980 |journal=[[Diplomatic History (journal)|Diplomatic History]] |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=975–1001 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhv047}}</ref>

From April 1975, when he visited US president [[Gerald Ford]] at the [[White House]] in Washington, D.C., and delivered a powerful speech calling for the United States to play a more active and constructive role in southern Africa. Until approximately 1984, Kaunda was arguably the key African leader involved in international diplomacy regarding the conflicts in Angola, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and Namibia. He hosted [[Henry Kissinger]]'s 1976 trip to Zambia, got along very well with [[Jimmy Carter]], and worked closely with President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s assistant secretary of state for African affairs, [[Chester Crocker]]. While there were disagreements between Kaunda and US leaders (such as when Zambia purchased Soviet MiG fighters or when he accused two American diplomats of being spies), Kaunda generally enjoyed a positive relationship with the United States during these years.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa'' London: Bloomsbury, 2016, especially pp.21–196</ref>

On 26 August 1975, Kaunda acted as mediator along with the [[Prime Minister of South Africa]], [[B. J. Vorster]], at the [[Victoria Falls Conference (1975)|Victoria Falls Conference]] to discuss possibilities for an internal settlement in Southern Rhodesia with Ian Smith and the black nationalists.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79841670/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |title=No decision reached in Rhodesia |page=2 |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=26 August 1975}}</ref> After the [[Lancaster House Agreement]], Kaunda attempted to seek similar majority rule in South West Africa. He met with [[P. W. Botha]] in Botswana in 1982 to debate this proposal, but apparently failed to make a serious impression.<ref name="nyti_SOUT">{{Cite web |title=SOUTH AFRICAN AND ZAMBIAN MEET IN BUSH COUNTRY (Published 1982) |last=Lelyveld |first=Joseph |work=The New York Times |date=1 May 1982 |access-date=19 June 2021 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/01/world/south-african-and-zambian-meet-in-bush-country.html |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618215143/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/01/world/south-african-and-zambian-meet-in-bush-country.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Kenneth David Kaunda DF-SC-84-01864.jpg|left|thumb|Kaunda arrives in the US for an official visit, 1983]]
Meanwhile, the anti-white minority insurgency conflicts of southern Africa continued to place a huge economic burden on Zambia as white minority governments were the country's main trading partners. In response, Kaunda negotiated the [[TAZARA Railway]] ([[Tanzam]]) linking [[Kapiri Mposhi]] in the Zambian [[Copperbelt]] with Tanzania's port of [[Dar es Salaam]] on the Indian Ocean. Completed in 1975, this was the only route for bulk trade which did not have to transit white-dominated territories. This precarious situation lasted more than 20 years, until the abolition of [[apartheid]] in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=aptnlibrary.com |url=http://ww5.aptnlibrary.com/ |access-date=15 October 2019 |website=ww5.aptnlibrary.com |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015142834/http://ww5.aptnlibrary.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

For much of the [[Cold War]], Kaunda was a strong supporter of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref>See: "Message of President Kenneth D. Kaunda to the International Conference on Non-alignment", in: [[Hans Köchler]], ed., ''The Principles of Non-alignment''. London: Third World Centre, 1983, pp. 12–15. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WlaLuBO-YBMC&dq=%22kenneth+D.+kaunda%22&pg=PA12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508190906/https://books.google.com/books?id=WlaLuBO-YBMC&pg=PA12&dq=%22kenneth+D.+kaunda%22&hl=en|date=8 May 2016}}</ref> He hosted a NAM summit in Lusaka in 1970 and served as the movement's chairman from 1970 to 1973. He maintained a close friendship with [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]'s long-time leader [[Josip Broz Tito]]; he was remembered by many Yugoslav officials for weeping openly over Tito's casket in 1980.  He also visited and welcomed [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]]'s president, [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]], in the 1970s. In 1986, the [[University of Belgrade]], Yugoslavia, awarded him an honorary doctorate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Belgrade: Honorary Doctors |url=http://www.bg.ac.rs/csrp/nauka/pocasni_doktori.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503231449/http://www.bg.ac.rs/csrp/nauka/pocasni_doktori.php |archive-date=3 May 2012 |access-date=11 June 2012}}</ref>[[File:Kaunda1986.jpg|thumb|Kaunda in Amsterdam, 1986]]

Kaunda had frequent but cordial differences with US president Ronald Reagan whom he met 1983<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1983/33083c.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 January 2006 |archive-date=21 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321043508/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1983/33083c.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and British prime minister [[Margaret Thatcher]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2004 |title=In pictures: 40 years of Zambia |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/3945291.stm |access-date=7 May 2010 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514003944/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/3945291.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> mainly over what he saw as a blind eye being turned towards South African apartheid.<ref name="lati_Zamb">{{Cite web |title=Zambian Lectures Briton on Apartheid |agency=Reuters |work=Los Angeles Times |date=25 July 1986 |access-date=19 June 2021 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-25-mn-291-story.html |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618133923/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-25-mn-291-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He always maintained warm [[China–Zambia relations|relations with the People's Republic of China]] who had provided assistance on many projects in Zambia, including the [[Tazara Railway]].<ref name="iris_Kaun">{{Cite news |title=Kaunda lauds Chinese role as 'force for good' in continent |last=Fitzgerald |first=Mary |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=25 August 2008 |access-date=19 June 2021 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/kaunda-lauds-chinese-role-as-force-for-good-in-continent-1.934172 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518152025/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/kaunda-lauds-chinese-role-as-force-for-good-in-continent-1.934172 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prior to the first [[Gulf War]], Kaunda cultivated a friendship with Iraqi president [[Saddam Hussein]], whom he claimed to have attempted to dissuade from invading Kuwait.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oklahoman.com/article/1926465/african-statesman-tells-of-saddambrzambian-tried-to-halt-iraqs-kuwait-invasion|title=African statesman tells of Saddam Zambian tried to halt Iraqs Kuwait invasion|date=26 April 2003|access-date=18 June 2021|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009123402/https://www.oklahoman.com/article/1926465/african-statesman-tells-of-saddambrzambian-tried-to-halt-iraqs-kuwait-invasion|url-status=live}}</ref> A street in Lusaka was named in Saddam's honour, although the name was later changed when both leaders had left power.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nyambi |first1=Oliver |last2=Mangena |first2=Tendai |last3=Pfukwa |first3=Charles |title=The Postcolonial Condition of Names and Naming Practices in Southern Africa |date=17 August 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_FckDQAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |pages=281|isbn=9781443899239 }}</ref>

In August 1989, [[Farzad Bazoft]] was detained in [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]] for alleged espionage. He was accompanied by a British nurse, Daphne Parish, who was also arrested. Bazoft was later tried, convicted, and executed, but Kaunda managed to negotiate for his female companion's release.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-16-mn-268-story.html Iraq Frees Nurse Held for Aiding 'Spy'], Reuters, ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 16 July 1990</ref>

Kaunda served as chairman of the [[Organisation of African Unity]] (OAU) from 1970 to 1971 and again from 1987 to 1988.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Appiah |first1=Anthony |last2=Gates |first2=Henry Louis |title=Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC |year=2010 |publisher=OUP |access-date=18 June 2021 |pages=636 |isbn=978-0-19-533770-9 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210158/https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC |url-status=live }}</ref>