Editing Kashrut (section)

===Permitted and forbidden animals===
{{further|Unclean animal}}
[[File:Hoof montage.jpg|thumb|[[cloven hoof|Cloven hooves]] in  goats (upper left), pigs (lower left), and [[cattle]] (lower right). Horse hooves (upper right) are not cloven.]]

Only meat from particular species is permissible. Mammals that both chew their cud ([[Ruminant|ruminate]]) and have [[Cloven hoof|cloven hooves]] can be kosher. Animals with one characteristic but not the other (the camel, the [[hyrax]], and the [[hare]] because they have no cloven hooves, and the pig because it does not ruminate) are specifically excluded.<ref name="lev 11 3 8"/><ref>''[[Shulchan Aruch]]'', ''[[Yoreh De'ah]]'' 79</ref><ref>For a comprehensive review of the issue involving the difficulty that neither the hyrax nor the hare are ruminants, see {{cite book |last=Slifkin |first=Rabbi Nosson  |author-link=Natan Slifkin |title=The Camel, the Hare & the Hyrax: A Study of the Laws of Animals with One Kosher Sign in Light of Modern Zoology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHsRAQAAIAAJ |edition=illustrated |year=2004 |publisher=Zoo Torah in association with Targum/Feldheim |isbn=978-1-56871-312-0}}</ref>

In 2008, a rabbinical ruling determined that [[giraffes]] and their milk are eligible to be considered kosher. The giraffe has both split hooves and chews its cud, characteristics of animals considered kosher. Findings from 2008 show that giraffe milk curdles, meeting kosher standards. Although kosher, the giraffe is not slaughtered today because the process would be very costly. Giraffes are difficult to restrain, and their use for food could cause the species to become endangered.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/2084281/Giraffe-is-kosher-Israeli-vets-have-ruled.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/2084281/Giraffe-is-kosher-Israeli-vets-have-ruled.html |archive-date=2022-01-11 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Giraffe is kosher, rabbis rule in Israel |last=Butcher |first=Tim |date=June 6, 2008 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=April 10, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>''Shulchan Aruch'', ''Yoreh De'ah'' 82:1–5</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashrut.com-archive.info/articles/giraffe/ |title=What's the Truth About Giraffe Meat! |last=Zivotofsky |first=Ari Z. |website=Kashrut.com |access-date=May 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407105109/http://www.kashrut.com-archive.info/articles/giraffe/ |archive-date=April 7, 2014 }}</ref>

Non-kosher birds are listed outright in the Torah,<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Deuteronomy|14:12–18}}</ref> but the exact zoological references are disputed and some references refer to families of birds (24 are mentioned). The [[Mishnah]]<ref>''[[Bavli]]'' ''[[Chullin]]'' 3:22–23</ref> refers to four signs provided by the [[Chazal|sages]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kashrut.com/articles/turk_part2/ |title=Is Turkey Kosher?, part 2 |last=Zivotofsky |first=Ari Z. |website=Kashrut.com |access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref>  First, a {{transliteration|he|dores}} (predatory bird) is not kosher. Additionally, kosher birds possess three physical characteristics: an extra toe in the back (which does not join the other toes in supporting the leg), a {{transliteration|he|zefek}} ([[crop (anatomy)|crop]]), and a {{transliteration|he|korkoban}} ([[gizzard]]) with a peelable [[Lumen (anatomy)|lumen]]. However, individual Jews are barred from merely applying these regulations alone; an established tradition ({{transliteration|he|masorah}}) is necessary to allow birds to be consumed, even if it can be substantiated that they meet all four criteria. The only exception to this is the turkey. There was a time when certain authorities considered the signs sufficient, so Jews started eating this bird without a {{transliteration|he|masorah}} because it possesses all the signs ({{transliteration|he|simanim}}) in Hebrew.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kashrut.com/articles/turk_part3/ |title=Is Turkey Kosher?, part 3 |last=Zivotofsky |first=Ari Z. |website=Kashrut.com |access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref>

Fish must have fins and scales to be kosher.<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Leviticus|11:9–12}}</ref> [[Shellfish]] and other non-fish water [[fauna]] are not kosher.<ref>''Shulchan Aruch'', ''Yoreh De'ah'' 83 and 84</ref> (See [[Kosher fish list|kosher species of fish]].) Insects are not kosher, except for certain species of [[kosher locust]].<ref>''Shulchan Aruch'', ''Yoreh De'ah'' 85</ref> Any animal that eats other animals, whether they kill their food or eat [[carrion]],<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Leviticus|11:13–31}}</ref> is generally not kosher, as well as any animal that has been partially eaten by other animals.<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Exodus|22:30-31}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Class
! Forbidden kinds
|-
 |Mammals
 |Carnivores; animals that do not chew the cud (e.g., the pig); animals that do not have cloven hooves (e.g., the camel, the [[hare]], the horse and the [[hyrax]]); bats; rodents
|-
 |Birds
 |Birds of prey; scavengers
|-
 |Reptiles and amphibians
 |All
|-
 |Water animals
 |All non-fish. Among fish, all those that do not have both fins and scales
|-
 |Insects
 |All, except particular types of locust or grasshopper that, according to most, cannot be identified today
|}