Editing Karl Marx (section)

=== Cologne: 1848–1849 ===

Temporarily settling down in Paris, Marx transferred the Communist League executive headquarters to the city and also set up a [[German Workers' Society|German Workers' Club]] with various German socialists living there.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=128}} Hoping to see the revolution spread to Germany, in 1848 Marx moved back to Cologne where he began issuing a handbill entitled the ''Demands of the Communist Party in Germany'',<ref>Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, "Demands of the Communist Party" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 7'' (International Publishers: New York, 1977) pp. 3–6.</ref> in which he argued for only four of the ten points of the ''Communist Manifesto'', believing that in Germany at that time the bourgeoisie must overthrow the [[feudalism|feudal]] monarchy and aristocracy before the proletariat could overthrow the bourgeoisie.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=129}} On 1 June, Marx started the publication of a daily newspaper, the {{lang|de|[[Neue Rheinische Zeitung]]}}, which he helped to finance through his recent inheritance from his father. Designed to put forward news from across Europe with his own Marxist interpretation of events, the newspaper featured Marx as a primary writer and the dominant editorial influence. Despite contributions by fellow members of the Communist League, according to [[Friedrich Engels]] it remained "a simple dictatorship by Marx".{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=130–132}}{{sfn|Seigel|1978|p=50}}<ref name="DL-Marx"/>

Whilst editor of the paper, Marx and the other revolutionary socialists were regularly harassed by the police and Marx was brought to trial on several occasions, facing various allegations including insulting the Chief Public Prosecutor, committing a press misdemeanor and inciting armed rebellion through tax boycotting,<ref>{{cite web |title=Neue Rheinsiche Zeitung No. 145 November 1848 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/11/17c.htm |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=www.marxists.org |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129110224/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/11/17c.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=136–137}}; {{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&pg=PA192 192]}}; {{harvnb|Splichal|2002|p=115}};</ref><ref name="Mehring2003"/> although each time he was acquitted.{{sfn|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|2007|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id=4rbH49xtcpkC&pg=PA192 192]}}<ref name="Mehring2003"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Gross |first=David M. |year=2014 |title=99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns |publisher=Picket Line Press |isbn=978-1-4905-7274-1 |pages=76–77}}</ref> Meanwhile, the democratic parliament in [[Prussia]] collapsed and the king, [[Frederick William IV]], introduced a new cabinet of his reactionary supporters, who implemented counterrevolutionary measures to expunge left-wing and other revolutionary elements from the country.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=136–37}} Consequently, the {{lang|de|Neue Rheinische Zeitung}} was soon suppressed, and Marx was ordered to leave the country on 16 May 1849.<ref name="DL-Marx"/>{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=137–146}} Marx returned to Paris, which was then under the grip of both a reactionary counterrevolution and a [[cholera]] epidemic, and was soon expelled by the city authorities, who considered him a political threat. With his wife Jenny expecting their fourth child and with Marx not able to move back to Germany or Belgium, in August 1849 he sought refuge in London.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=147–148}}<ref name="Watson2010"/>