Editing Karachi (section)

===Post-independence===
[[File:Lord Mountbatten and his wife Advena in Karachi 14 August 1947.jpg|thumb|[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]] and his wife [[Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma|Edwina]] in Karachi 14 August 1947]]
At the dawn of independence following the success of the [[Pakistan Movement]] in 1947, On 15 August 1947 Capital of Sindh shifted from Karachi to Hyderabad and Karachi was made the national capital of Pakistan.

Karachi was Sindh's largest city with a population of over 400,000.<ref name="Penguin Publishing Group" /> The city had a slight Hindu majority, with around 51% of the population being Hindu. Partition resulted in the exodus of much of the city's Hindu population, though Karachi, like most of Sindh, remained relatively peaceful compared to cities in Punjab.<ref name="Markovits-2000">{{Cite book |last=Markovits |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2vu7Odjz6kC&q=karachi+riots+1948+muslim+refugees&pg=PA278 |title=The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750–1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama |date=22 June 2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-43127-9 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063708/https://books.google.com/books?id=M2vu7Odjz6kC&q=karachi+riots+1948+muslim+refugees&pg=PA278#v=snippet&q=karachi%20riots%201948%20muslim%20refugees&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Riots erupted on 6{{nbsp}}January 1948, after which most of Sindh's Hindu population fled to India,<ref name="Markovits-2000" /> with assistance of the Indian government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zamindar |first=Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2u_IU-aoNhwC&q=karachi+riots+1948+muslim+refugees&pg=PA53 |title=The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories |date=14 November 2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-51101-8 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063709/https://books.google.com/books?id=2u_IU-aoNhwC&q=karachi+riots+1948+muslim+refugees&pg=PA53#v=snippet&q=karachi%20riots%201948%20muslim%20refugees&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Karachi became the focus for the resettlement of middle-class [[Muslim]] [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|''Muhajir'']] refugees who fled India, with 470,000 refugees in Karachi by May 1948,<ref name="Zamindar-2010">{{Cite book |last=Zamindar |first=Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5c9ta97GeoC&q=post+partition+karachi |title=The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories |date=2010 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-13847-5 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063605/https://books.google.com/books?id=n5c9ta97GeoC&q=post+partition+karachi#v=snippet&q=post%20partition%20karachi&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> leading to a drastic alteration of the [[Demographics of Karachi|city's demography]]. In 1941, Muslims were 42% of Karachi's population, but by 1951 made up 96% of the city's population.<ref name="Gayer-2014a" /> The city's population had tripled between 1941 and 1951.<ref name="Gayer-2014a" /> [[Urdu]] replaced [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] as Karachi's most widely spoken language; Sindhi was the mother tongue of 51% of Karachi in 1941, but only 8.5% in 1951, while Urdu grew to become the mother tongue of 51% of Karachi's population.<ref name="Gayer-2014a" /> 100,000 Muhajir refugees arrived annually in Karachi until 1952. Muhajirs kept arriving from different parts of [[India]] until 2000.<ref name="Gayer-2014a" />

Karachi was selected as the first capital of Pakistan, and was administered as a federal district separate from Sindh beginning in 1948,<ref name="Zamindar-2010" /> the capital of Sindh shifted again Hyderabad to Karachi until the national capital was shifted to [[Rawalpindi]] in 1958.{{sfn|Barbara A. Weightman|2011|p={{page needed|date=February 2023}}}} While foreign embassies shifted away from Karachi, [[diplomatic missions in Karachi|the city is host to]] numerous [[Consul (representative)|consulates]] and honorary consulates.<ref>{{cite book |title=Party, Government and Freedom in the Muslim World: Three Articles Reprinted from the Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2d Ed., V. 3, Parts 49–50 |date=1968 |publisher=Brill Archive |page=37}}</ref> Between 1958 and 1970, Karachi's role as capital of Sindh was ceased due to the [[One Unit]] programme enacted by President [[Iskander Mirza]].<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}}

Karachi of the 1960s was regarded as an economic role model around the world, with [[Seoul]], South Korea, borrowing from the city's second "Five-Year Plan".<ref>Planning Commission, The Second Five Year Plan: 1960–65, Karachi: Govt. Printing Press, 1960, p. 393</ref><ref>Planning Commission, Pakistan Economic Survey, 1964–65, Rawalpindi: Govt. Printing Press, 1965, p. 212.</ref> Several examples of [[Modernist architect]] were built in Karachi during this period, including the [[Mazar-e-Quaid]] mausoleum, the distinct [[Masjid e Tooba|Masjid-e-Tooba]], and the [[Habib Bank Plaza]] (the tallest building in all of South Asia at the time). The city's population by 1961 had grown 369% compared to 1941.<ref name="Gayer-2014a" /> By the mid-1960s, Karachi began to attract large numbers of [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]], [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabis]] and [[Kashmiris]] from northern Pakistan.<ref name="Gayer-2014a" />

The 1970s saw a construction boom funded by remittances and investments from the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf States]], and the appearance of apartment buildings in the city.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gayer |first=Laurent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BklRBAAAQBAJ&q=karachi+1970s&pg=PA40 |title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935444-3 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063606/https://books.google.com/books?id=BklRBAAAQBAJ&q=karachi+1970s&pg=PA40#v=snippet&q=karachi%201970s&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Real-estate prices soared during this period, leading to a worsening housing crisis.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rurrAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+1970s+boom |title=Population Growth and Policies in Mega-cities: Karachi |date=1988 |publisher=UN |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063714/https://books.google.com/books?id=rurrAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+1970s+boom |url-status=live }}</ref> The period also saw [[Karachi labour unrest of 1972|labour unrest in Karachi]]'s industrial estates beginning in 1970 that were violently repressed by the government of President [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] from 1972 onwards.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Nichola |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C28sDwAAQBAJ&q=karachi+1970s&pg=PT205 |title=Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics |date=15 July 2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-086978-6 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063608/https://books.google.com/books?id=C28sDwAAQBAJ&q=karachi+1970s&pg=PT205#v=snippet&q=karachi%201970s&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> To appease conservative forces, Bhutto banned alcohol in Pakistan, and cracked-down of Karachi's discotheques and cabarets - leading to the closure of Karachi's once-lively nightlife.<ref name="Udupa-2017">{{Cite book |last1=Udupa |first1=Sahana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jwlDwAAQBAJ&q=karachi+1970s+zia&pg=PA41 |title=Media as Politics in South Asia |last2=McDowell |first2=Stephen D. |date=14 July 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-97221-5 }}</ref> The city's art scene was further repressed during the rule of dictator [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|General Zia-ul-Haq]].<ref name="Udupa-2017" /> Zia's Islamization policies lead the Westernized upper-middle classes of Karachi to largely withdraw from the public sphere, and instead form their own social venues that became inaccessible to the poor.<ref name="Udupa-2017" /> This decade also saw an influx of more than one million [[Bihari Muslims|Bihari]] immigrants into Karachi from the newly made country [[Bangladesh]] which separated from Pakistan in 1971.

In 1972, the [[Karachi district]] divided into three districts, [[Karachi East District|East]], [[Karachi West District|West]] and [[Karachi South District|South]] districts.

The 1980s and 1990s saw an influx of almost one million [[Afghan people|Afghan]] refugees into Karachi fleeing the [[Soviet–Afghan War]].<ref name="Gayer-2014a" /> This was followed by refugees escaping from post-revolution [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=C8D0B7394F7D074D6832875766C3D91E.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=1636848 |title=Afghan refugees population in Pakistan |journal=Journal of Biosocial Science |date=July 1990 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=269–279 |publisher=Journals.cambridge.org |doi=10.1017/S0021932000018654 |access-date=6 May 2010 |last1=Yusuf |first1=Farhat |pmid=2169475 |s2cid=33827916 |archive-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805060453/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=C8D0B7394F7D074D6832875766C3D91E.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=1636848 |url-status=live | issn=0021-9320 }}</ref> At this time, Karachi was also rocked by political conflict, while crime rates drastically increased with the arrival of weaponry from the [[War in Afghanistan (1978–present)|War in Afghanistan]].<ref name="violentEnd" /> Conflict between the [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan|MQM party]], and ethnic [[Sindhis]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Punjabis]] and [[Balochis]] was sharp.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSCMAgAAQBAJ&q=mqm+pashto+punjabi+sindhi+conflict |title=Mohajir Militancy in Pakistan: Violence and Transformation in the Karachi Conflict |last=Khan |first=Nichola |date=5 April 2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135161927}}</ref> The party and its vast network of supporters were targeted by Pakistani security forces as part of the controversial [[Operation Clean-up]] in 1992{{snd}}an effort to restore peace in the city that lasted until 1994.<ref>{{cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World |volume=3 |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-32111-5 |pages=1277–78}}</ref> Anti-Hindu riots also broke out in Karachi in 1992 in retaliation for the demolition of the [[Babri Mosque]] in India by a group of Hindu nationalists earlier that year.<ref>{{cite news |title=PAKISTANIS ATTACK 30 HINDU TEMPLES |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/08/world/pakistanis-attack-30-hindu-temples.html |access-date=1 December 2017 |work=The New York Times |date=8 December 1992 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225202434/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/08/world/pakistanis-attack-30-hindu-temples.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1996, two (02) more districts created in the [[Karachi Division|Karachi division]] named [[Karachi Central District|Central]] and [[Malir District|Malir]] districts.

The 2010s saw another influx of hundreds of thousands of Pashtun refugees fleeing [[War in North-West Pakistan|conflict in North-West Pakistan]] and the [[2010 Pakistan floods]].<ref name="Gayer-2014a" /> By this point Karachi had become widely known for its high rates of violent crime, usually in relation to criminal activity, gang-warfare, sectarian violence, and extrajudicial killings.<ref name="Narayanan-2015" /> Recorded crimes sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM party, and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the [[Pakistan Rangers]].<ref name="New York TImes" /> As a result of the operation, Karachi went from being ranked the world's 6th most dangerous city for crime in 2014, to 128th by 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Imtiaz |date=7 February 2020 |title=Karachi jumps 22 points since last year on global crime index |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1533023 |access-date=4 March 2020 |website=Dawn |location=Pakistan |archive-date=4 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304072617/https://www.dawn.com/news/1533023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022 at least one million [[2022 Pakistan floods|flood affectees]] from [[Sindh]] and [[Balochistan]] took refuge in Karachi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan – Pakistan Flood Response Baseline Assessment - Balochistan Province (October 2022) {{!}} Displacement Tracking Matrix |url=https://dtm.iom.int/reports/pakistan-pakistan-flood-response-baseline-assessment-balochistan-province-october-2022 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=dtm.iom.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rising from the Waters: Sindh Navigates Recovery after the 2022 Floods |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2023/06/28/rising-from-the-waters-sindh-navigates-recovery-after-the-2022-floods |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref>