Editing Jules Verne (section)

===Hetzel===
[[File:Pierre-Jules Hetzel.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pierre-Jules Hetzel]]]]
In 1862, through their mutual acquaintance Alfred de Bréhat, Verne came into contact with the publisher [[Pierre-Jules Hetzel]], and submitted to him the manuscript of his developing novel, then called ''Voyage en Ballon''.{{sfn|Jules-Verne|1976|pp=54–55}} Hetzel, already the publisher of [[Honoré de Balzac]], [[George Sand]], [[Victor Hugo]], and other well-known authors,<!--This is intended as a very brief summary of Hetzel's importance; if you have other reliably sourced background details or authors, please add them to Hetzel's main article.--> had long been planning to launch a high-quality family magazine in which entertaining fiction would combine with scientific education.{{sfn|Evans|1988|pp=23–24}} He saw Verne, with his demonstrated inclination toward scrupulously researched adventure stories, as an ideal contributor for such a magazine, and accepted the novel, giving Verne suggestions for improvement. Verne made the proposed revisions within two weeks and returned to Hetzel with the final draft, now titled ''[[Five Weeks in a Balloon]]''.{{sfn|Jules-Verne|1976|p=56}} It was published by Hetzel on 31 January 1863.<ref name=biblioVE>{{Harvnb|Dehs|Margot|Har'El|2007|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20000826225329/https://jv.gilead.org.il/biblio/voyages.html I]}}</ref>

To secure his services for the planned magazine, to be called the ''Magasin d'Éducation et de Récréation'' (''Magazine of Education and Recreation''), Hetzel also drew up a long-term contract in which Verne would give him three volumes of text per year, each of which Hetzel would buy outright for a flat fee. Verne, finding both a steady salary and a sure outlet for writing at last, accepted immediately.{{sfn|Jules-Verne|1976|pp=56–57}} For the rest of his lifetime, most of his novels would be serialized in Hetzel's ''Magasin'' before their appearance in book form, beginning with his second novel for Hetzel, ''[[The Adventures of Captain Hatteras]]'' (1864–65).<ref name=biblioVE />

[[File:Hetzel front cover.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A Hetzel edition of Verne's ''[[The Adventures of Captain Hatteras]]'' (cover style "Aux deux éléphants")]]
When ''The Adventures of Captain Hatteras'' was published in book form in 1866, Hetzel publicly announced his literary and educational ambitions for Verne's novels by saying in a preface that Verne's works would form a [[novel sequence]] called the ''[[Voyages extraordinaires]]'' (''Extraordinary Voyages'' or ''Extraordinary Journeys''), and that Verne's aim was "to outline all the geographical, geological, physical, and astronomical knowledge amassed by modern science and to recount, in an entertaining and picturesque format that is his own, the history of the universe".{{sfn|Evans|1988|pp=29–30}} Late in life, Verne confirmed that this commission had become the running theme of his novels: "My object has been to depict the earth, and not the earth alone, but the universe... And I have tried at the same time to realize a very high ideal of beauty of style. It is said that there can't be any style in a novel of adventure, but it isn't true."{{sfn|Sherard|1894|loc=§4}} However, he also noted that the project was extremely ambitious: "Yes! But the Earth is very large, and life is very short! In order to leave a completed work behind, one would need to live to be at least 100 years old!"{{sfn|Evans|1988|p=30}}

Hetzel influenced many of Verne's novels directly, especially in the first few years of their collaboration, for Verne was initially so happy to find a publisher that he agreed to almost all of the changes Hetzel suggested. For example, when Hetzel disapproved of the original climax of ''Captain Hatteras'', including the death of the title character, Verne wrote an entirely new conclusion in which Hatteras survived.{{sfn|Evans|2001|pp=98–99}} Hetzel also rejected Verne's next submission, ''[[Paris in the Twentieth Century]]'', believing its pessimistic view of the future and its condemnation of technological progress were too subversive for a family magazine.{{sfn|Lottmann|1996|pp=101–103}} (The manuscript, believed [[Lost literary work|lost]] for some time after Verne's death, was finally published in 1994.){{sfn|Evans|1995|p=44}}

The relationship between publisher and writer changed significantly around 1869 when Verne and Hetzel were brought into conflict over the manuscript for ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas]]''. Verne had initially conceived of the submariner [[Captain Nemo]] as a Polish scientist whose acts of vengeance were directed against the Russians who had killed his family during the [[January Uprising]]. Hetzel, not wanting to alienate the lucrative Russian market for Verne's books, demanded that Nemo be made an enemy of the [[History of slavery|slave trade]], a situation that would make him an unambiguous hero. Verne, after fighting vehemently against the change, finally invented a compromise in which Nemo's past is left mysterious. After this disagreement, Verne became notably cooler in his dealings with Hetzel, taking suggestions into consideration but often rejecting them outright.{{sfn|Evans|2001|pp=100–101}}
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From that point, Verne published two or more volumes a year. The most successful of these are: {{Lang|fr|Voyage au centre de la Terre}} (''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth]]'', 1864); {{lang|fr|De la Terre à la Lune}} (''[[From the Earth to the Moon]]'', 1865); ''Vingt mille lieues sous les mers'' (''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas]]'', 1869); and ''Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours'' (''[[Around the World in Eighty Days]]''), which first appeared in ''Le Temps'' in 1872. Verne could now live on his writings, but most of his wealth came from the stage adaptations of ''Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours'' (1874) and ''[[Michael Strogoff|Michel Strogoff]]'' (1876), which he wrote with [[Adolphe d'Ennery]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Discovering More than Just the World|url=https://www.bard.org/study-guides/discovering-more-than-just-the-world|access-date=2 February 2021|website=Utah Shakespeare Festival|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Saint-Michel sketch.jpg|thumb|Sketch by Verne of the ''Saint-Michel'']]
In 1867, Verne bought a small boat, the ''Saint-Michel'', which he successively replaced with the ''Saint-Michel II'' and the ''Saint-Michel III'' as his financial situation improved. On board the ''Saint-Michel III'', he sailed around Europe.  After his first novel, most of his stories were first serialised in the ''Magazine d'Éducation et de Récréation'', a Hetzel biweekly publication, before being published in book form. His brother Paul contributed to ''40th French climbing of the Mont-Blanc'' and a collection of short stories – ''Doctor Ox'' – in 1874. Verne became wealthy and famous.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jules Verne {{!}} Biography & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jules-Verne|access-date=2 February 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

Meanwhile, Michel Verne married an actress against his father's wishes, had two children by an underage mistress and buried himself in debts.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u15xDwAAQBAJ&q=michel%20verne%20actress%20marriage&pg=PT12|title=Vice, Redemption and the Distant Colony|last=Verne|first=Jules|date=2012|publisher=BearManor Media|language=en}}</ref> The relationship between father and son improved as Michel grew older.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u15xDwAAQBAJ&q=michel%20verne%20actress%20marriage&pg=PT13|title=Vice, Redemption and the Distant Colony|last=Verne|first=Jules|date=2012|publisher=BearManor Media|language=en}}</ref>