Editing Jin dynasty (1115–1234) (section)

== Fall ==
{{Main|Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty}}
{{Continental Asia in 1200 CE|{{center|The Jin dynasty (<small>{{Colorsample|#87CEFA|0.6}}</small>) and main contemporary Asian polities {{c.|1205}}}}||Map of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234).png}}
In the early 13th century, the Jin began to feel the pressure of Mongols from the north. [[Genghis Khan]] first led the Mongols into [[Western Xia]] territory in 1205 and ravaged it four years later. In 1211 about 50,000 Mongol horsemen invaded the Jin Empire and began absorbing Khitan and Jurchen rebels. The Jin had a large army with 150,000 cavalry but abandoned the "western capital" [[Datong]] (see [[Battle of Yehuling]]). The next year the Mongols went north and looted the Jin "eastern capital", and in 1213 they besieged the "central capital", [[Zhongdu]] (present-day [[Beijing]]). In 1214 the Jin made a humiliating treaty but retained the capital. That summer, [[Emperor Xuanzong of Jin|Emperor Xuanzong]] abandoned the central capital and moved the government to the "southern capital" [[Kaifeng]], making it the official seat of the Jin dynasty's power.

In 1216, a hawkish faction in the Jin imperial court persuaded Emperor Xuanzong to attack the Song dynasty, but in 1219, they were defeated at the same location on the [[Yangtze]]  where [[Wanyan Liang]] had been defeated in 1161. The Jin now faced a two front war that they could not afford. Furthermore, [[Emperor Aizong of Jin|Emperor Aizong]] won a succession struggle against his brother and then quickly ended the war and went back to the capital. He made peace with the [[Tangut people|Tanguts]] of Western Xia, who had been allied with the Mongols.

The Jurchen Jin emperor [[Wanyan Yongji]]'s daughter, Jurchen Princess Qiguo, was married to Mongol leader [[Genghis Khan]] in exchange for relieving the [[Battle of Zhongdu|Mongol siege of Zhongdu]] in the [[Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Broadbridge |first=Anne F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHOFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 |title=Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-63662-9 |edition=illustrated |page=94}}</ref>

[[File:文姬歸漢圖.jpg|thumb|left|''Cai Wenji returning to Han'', Jin dynasty painting]]
Many [[Han Chinese]] and Khitans defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin dynasty. Two Han Chinese leaders, [[Shi Tianze]] and {{ill|Liu Heima|zh|劉黑馬}},<ref>{{Cite book |last=Collectif |title=Revue bibliographique de sinologie 2001 |publisher=Éditions de l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales |year=2002 |page=147 |language=fr}}</ref> and the Khitan [[Xiao Zhala]] defected and commanded the three tumens in the Mongol army.<ref>{{Cite book |last=May |first=Timothy Michael |title=The Mechanics of Conquest and Governance: The Rise and Expansion of the Mongol Empire, 1185–1265 |publisher=University of Wisconsin |location=Madison |year=2004 |page=50}}</ref> Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Genghis Khan's successor, [[Ögedei Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schram |first=Stuart Reynolds |title=Foundations and Limits of State Power in China |publisher=European Science Foundation by School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |year=1987 |page=130}}</ref> Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gary Seaman |title=Rulers from the steppe: state formation on the Eurasian periphery |last2=Daniel Marks |publisher=Ethnographics Press, Center for Visual Anthropology, University of Southern California |year=1991 |page=175}}</ref> There were four Han [[Tumen (unit)|tumens]] and three Khitan tumens, with each tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan generals [[Shimo Beidi'er]], [[Tabuyir]], and {{ill|Xiao Zhongxi|zh|蕭重喜}} (Xiao Zhala's son) commanded the three Khitan tumens and the four Han generals {{ill|Zhang Rou|zh|張柔}}, {{ill|Yan Shi (Jin dynasty)|zh|嚴實|lt=Yan Shi}}, Shi Tianze and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tümens under Ögedei Khan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Xiaopeng |year=2001 |script-title=zh:窝阔台汗己丑年汉军万户萧札剌考辨–兼论金元之际的汉地七万户 |trans-title=A Study of XIAO Zha-la the Han Army Commander of 10,000 Families in the Year of 1229 during the Period of Khan (O)gedei |url=http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/xbsdxb-shkxb200106008 |url-status=live |script-journal=zh:西北师大学报(社会科学版 |author-mask=Hu Xiaopeng (胡小鹏) |trans-journal=Journal of Northwest Normal University (Social Sciences) |language=zh |volume=38 |issue=6 |doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-9162.2001.06.008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802032746/http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/xbsdxb-shkxb200106008 |archive-date=2016-08-02 |access-date=2016-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=zh:窝阔台汗己丑年汉军万户萧札剌考辨–兼论金元之际的汉地七万户-国家哲学社会科学学术期刊数据库 |url=http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_detail.aspx?id=5638208 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413165816/http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_detail.aspx?id=5638208 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |access-date=3 May 2016 |language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=zh:新元史/卷146 – 維基文庫，自由的圖書館 |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7146 |via=Wikisource}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=zh:作品相关 第二十九章 大库里台。本章出自《草原特种兵》 |trans-title=Chapter 29 Big Curry Terrace. This chapter is from ''Grassland Special Forces'' |url=http://www.klxsw.com/files/article/html/87/87953/23237374.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095814/http://www.klxsw.com/files/article/html/87/87953/23237374.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2016-05-03 |language=zh}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=these are websites of dubious quality – scholarly reference books should be used here to back up the statements|date=December 2016}}

Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived under Jin rule. Inter-ethnic marriage between Han Chinese and Jurchens became common at this time. His father was [[Shi Bingzhi]]. Shi Bingzhi married a Jurchen woman (surname Nahe) and a Han Chinese woman (surname Zhang); it is unknown which of them was Shi Tianze's mother.<ref name="ed. de Rachewiltz 1993">{{Cite book |title=In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300) |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=1993 |editor-last=Igor de Rachewiltz |page=41}}</ref> Shi Tianze was married to two Jurchen women, a Han Chinese woman, and a Korean woman, and his son Shi Gang was born to one of his Jurchen wives.<ref name="Cosmopolitanism and the Middle Ages">{{Cite book |title=Cosmopolitanism and the Middle Ages |publisher=Springer |year=2013 |editor-last=J. Ganim |page=47 |editor-last2=S. Legassie}}</ref> His Jurchen wives' surnames were Monian and Nahe, his Korean wife's surname was Li, and his Han Chinese wife's surname was Shi.<ref name="ed. de Rachewiltz 1993" /> Shi Tianze defected to the Mongol forces upon their invasion of the Jin dynasty. His son, Shi Gang, married a [[Keraites|Keraite]] woman; the Keraites were Mongolified Turkic people and considered as part of the "Mongol nation".<ref name="Cosmopolitanism and the Middle Ages" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=James C. Y. |title=The World of Khubilai Khan: Chinese Art in the Yuan Dynasty |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=2010 |page=14}}</ref> Shi Tianze, Zhang Rou, Yan Shi and other Han Chinese who served in the Jin dynasty and defected to the Mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new Mongol state.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chan |first=Hok-Lam |year=1997 |title=A Recipe to Qubilai Qa'an on Governance: The Case of Chang Te-hui and Li Chih |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=257–283 |doi=10.1017/S1356186300008877 |s2cid=161851226}}</ref>

The Mongols created a Han army out of defecting Jin troops, and another army out of defected Song troops called the "Newly Submitted Army" ({{lang|zh|新附軍}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hucker |first=Charles O. |title=A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1985 |page=66}}</ref>

Genghis Khan died in 1227 while his armies were attacking Western Xia. His successor, Ögedei Khan, invaded the Jin dynasty again in 1232 with assistance from the [[Southern Song dynasty]]. The Jurchens tried to resist; but when the [[Siege of Kaifeng (1232)|Mongols besieged Kaifeng]] in 1233, Emperor Aizong fled south to the city of [[Runan County|Caizhou]]. A Song–Mongol allied army surrounded the capital, and the next year Emperor Aizong committed suicide by hanging himself to avoid being captured in the [[Siege of Caizhou|Mongols besieged Caizhou]], ending the Jin dynasty in 1234.<ref name="multiref1" /> The territory of the Jin dynasty was to be divided between the Mongols and the Song dynasty. However, due to lingering territorial disputes, the Song dynasty and the Mongols eventually went to war with one another over these territories.