Editing Jesuits (section)

====China====
{{Main|Jesuit missions in China}}
[[File:Ricci Guangqi 2.jpg|thumb|[[Matteo Ricci]] (left) and [[Xu Guangqi]] in the 1607 Chinese publication of [[Euclid]]'s ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]'']]
[[File:LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|''Confucius, Philosopher of the Chinese, or, Chinese Knowledge Explained in Latin'', published by [[Philippe Couplet]], [[Prospero Intorcetta]], [[Christian Herdtrich]], and François de Rougemont at Paris in 1687]]
[[File:Paradigma XV Provinciarum et CLV Urbium Capitalium Sinensis Imperij.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|A map of the 200-odd Jesuit churches and missions established across China {{c.|1687}}]]

The Jesuits first entered China through the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] settlement on [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]], where they settled on [[Ilha Verde|Green Island]] and founded [[St. Paul's College, Macau|St. Paul's College]].

The [[Jesuit missions in China|Jesuit China missions]] of the 16th and 17th centuries introduced Western science and astronomy,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elman |first=Benjamin |date=2007 |title=Global Science and Comparative History: Jesuits, Science, and Philology in China and Europe, 1550–1850 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43150703 |journal=East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine |volume=26 |issue=26 |pages=9–16 |doi=10.1163/26669323-02601003 |jstor=43150703 |issn=1562-918X |access-date=10 September 2023 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108065520/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43150703 |url-status=live }}</ref> then undergoing [[Scientific Revolution|its own revolution]], to China. The [[Scientific Revolution|scientific revolution]] brought by the Jesuits coincided with a time when scientific innovation had declined in China:

<blockquote>[The Jesuits] made efforts to translate western mathematical and astronomical works into Chinese and aroused the interest of Chinese scholars in these sciences. They made very extensive astronomical observation and carried out the first modern cartographic work in China. They also learned to appreciate the scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through their correspondence, European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture.{{sfn|Udías|2003}}</blockquote>

For over a century, Jesuits such as [[Michele Ruggieri]], [[Matteo Ricci]],{{sfn|Parker|1978|p=26}} [[Diego de Pantoja]], [[Philippe Couplet]], [[Michal Boym]], and [[François Noël (missionary)|François Noël]] refined translations and disseminated [[history of Chinese science|Chinese knowledge]], [[Chinese culture|culture]], [[history of China|history]], and [[Chinese philosophy|philosophy]] to Europe. Their [[Latin]] works popularized the name "[[Confucius]]" and had considerable influence on the [[Deists]] and other [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] thinkers, some of whom were intrigued by the Jesuits' attempts to reconcile [[Confucianism|Confucian morality]] with [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]].{{sfnm |1a1=Hobson |1y=2004 |1pp=194–195 |2a1=Parker |2y=1978 |2p=26}}

Upon the arrival of the [[Franciscan Order|Franciscans]] and other monastic orders, Jesuit accommodation of Chinese culture and rituals led to the long-running [[Chinese Rites controversy]]. Despite the personal testimony of the [[Kangxi Emperor]] and many Jesuit converts that [[Chinese veneration of ancestors]] and [[Confucianism|Confucius]] was a nonreligious token of respect, {{nowrap|[[Pope Clement XI]]}}'s [[papal decree]] {{lang|la|[[Cum Deus Optimus]]}} ruled that such behavior constituted impermissible forms of [[idolatry]] and superstition in 1704.<ref>{{citation |last=Rule |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw9gYo4Pk0MC |series=''Leuven Chinese Studies'', Vol. XIV |title=The History of the Relations between the Low Countries and China in the Qing Era |editor-last=Vande Walle |editor-first=Willy F. |editor-link=Willy Vande Walle |editor-first2=Noël |editor-last2=Golvers |display-editors=0 |publisher=Leuven University Press |location=Leuven |date=2003 |contribution=François Noël, SJ, and the Chinese Rites Controversy |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw9gYo4Pk0MC&pg=PA152 152] |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw9gYo4Pk0MC&pg=PA137 |isbn=9789058673152}}.</ref>

His [[Papal legate|legate]] [[Charles-Thomas Maillard De Tournon|Tournon]] and Bishop Charles Maigrot of Fujian, tasked with presenting this finding to the [[Kangxi Emperor]], displayed such extreme ignorance that the emperor mandated the expulsion of Christian missionaries unable to abide by the terms of Ricci's Chinese catechism.<ref>{{citation |last=Ricci |first=Matteo |author-link=Matteo Ricci |title=''《天主實義》 [''Tiānzhŭ Shíyì, The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven'']'' |url=http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=324860 |date=1603 |access-date=1 January 2018 |archive-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226130613/http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=324860 |url-status=live}}. {{in lang|zh }}</ref><ref name="heycharby">{{citation |last=Charbonnier |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Christians in China: AD 600 to 2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5yUzntxTZioC |publisher=Ignatius Press |location=San Francisco |editor-last=Couve de Murville |editor-first=Maurice Noël Léon |editor-link=Maurice Noël Léon Couve de Murville |date=2007 |pages=256–262 |isbn=9780898709162}}.</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Von Collani |first=Claudia |contribution=Biography of Charles Maigrot MEP |editor=Elart von Collani |display-editors=0 |location=Würzburg |publisher=Stochastikon |title=Stochastikon Encyclopedia |url=http://encyclopedia.stochastikon.com |date=2009 |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=7 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207051527/http://encyclopedia.stochastikon.com/}}.</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Seah |first=Audrey |editor-last=Clark |editor-first=Anthony E. |display-editors=0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOEzDwAAQBAJ |title=China's Christianity: From Missionary to Indigenous Church |publisher=Koninklijke Brill |location=Leiden |date=2017 |contribution=The 1670 Chinese Missal: A Struggle for Indigenization amidst the Chinese Rites Controversy |page=115 |series=Studies in Christian Mission |isbn=9789004345607}}.</ref> Tournon's [[Latae sententiae|summary and automatic]] [[excommunication]] for any violators of Clement's decree<ref>{{citation |last=Ott |first=Michael |title=Catholic Encyclopedia |contribution=[[:s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Charles-Thomas Maillard de Tournon|Charles-Thomas Maillard de Tournon]] |volume=[[:s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 15|Vol. XV]] |date=1913 |location=New York |publisher=Encyclopedia Press |editor-first=Charles G. |editor-last=Herbermann |editor-first2=Edward A. |editor-last2=Pace |editor-first3=Condé B. |editor-last3=Fallen |editor-first4=John J. |editor-last4=Wynne |editor-first5=Thomas J. |editor-last5=Shahan |display-editors=0 |title-link=:s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)}}.</ref>{{snd}}upheld by the 1715 [[papal bull|bull]] {{lang|la|[[Ex Illa Die]]}}{{snd}}led to the swift collapse of all the missions in China.<ref name="heycharby" /> The last Jesuits were expelled after 1721.{{sfn|Mungello|1994}}