Editing Jena (section)

=== 20th century ===
[[File:Jena Zeiss Bau 15.jpg|thumb|Bau 15 of the Carl Zeiss factory, Germany's first high-rise building, established in 1915]]
Industrialization fundamentally changed the social structure of Jena. The former academic town became a working-class city; the population rose from 8,000 around 1870 up to 71,000 at the beginning of [[World War II]]. The city expanded along the Saale valley to the north and the south and its side valleys to the east and the west. In 1901, the [[tram]] system started its operation and the university got a new main building (established between 1906 and 1908 on the former castle's site). After the foundation of [[Thuringia]] in 1920, Jena was one of the three biggest cities (together with [[Weimar]] and [[Gera]], while [[Erfurt]] remained part of [[Free State of Prussia|Prussia]]) and became an [[independent city]] in 1922. The modern optical and glass industry kept booming and the city grew further during [[Weimar Republic|Weimar times]].

[[File:Jena 700 Jahre Stadt poster (1936).jpg|thumb|left|1936 poster marking the 700th anniversary of the city of Jena]]
During the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] period, conflicts deepened in Jena between the influential left-wing milieus (communists and social democrats) and the right-wing Nazi milieus. On the one hand, the university suffered from new restrictions against its independence, but on the other hand, it consolidated the Nazi ideology, for example with a professorship of social anthropology (which sought to scientifically legitimize the [[racial policy of Nazi Germany]]). [[Kristallnacht]] in 1938 led to more discrimination against [[Jew]]s in Jena, many of whom either emigrated or were arrested and murdered by the German government. This weakened the academic milieu, because many academics were Jews (especially in medicine). During [[World War II]], the Germans operated two [[List of subcamps of Buchenwald|subcamps]] of the [[Buchenwald concentration camp]] in the city,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tenhumbergreinhard.de/1933-1945-lager-1/1933-1945-lager-j/jena-leutrastrae-32.html|title=Jena Leutrastraße 32|access-date=21 February 2021|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tenhumbergreinhard.de/1933-1945-lager-1/1933-1945-lager-j/jena-loebstedter-strae-50.html|title=Jena Löbstedter Straße 50|access-date=21 February 2021|language=de}}</ref> and a subcamp of the prison in [[Sieradz]] in [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|German-occupied Poland]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Studnicka-Mariańczyk|first=Karolina|year=2018|title=Zakład Karny w Sieradzu w okresie okupacji hitlerowskiej 1939–1945|journal=Zeszyty Historyczne|language=pl|volume=17|page=187}}</ref>

In 1945, toward the end of [[World War II]], Jena was repeatedly targeted by [[Strategic bombing during World War II|Allied bombing raids]]. 709 people were killed, 2,000 injured, and most of the medieval town centre was destroyed, but in parts restored after the end of the war. No other Thuringian city suffered worse damage, except [[Nordhausen, Thuringia|Nordhausen]], whose destruction was utter. Today most of the city consists of buildings from before World War II.<ref>https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> Jena was occupied by [[United States Armed Forces|American troops]] on 13 April 1945 and was left to the [[Red Army]] on 1 July 1945.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

Jena fell within the [[Occupation of Germany|Soviet zone of occupation]] in post-World War II Germany. In 1949, it became part of the new [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] (GDR). The Soviets dismantled great parts of the Zeiss and Schott factories and took them to the [[Soviet Union]]. On the other hand, the GDR government founded a new [[Pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceutical]] factory in 1950, [[Jenapharm]], which is part of [[Bayer]] today. In 1953, Jena was a centre of the [[Uprising of 1953 in East Germany|East German Uprising]] against GDR policy. The protests with 30,000 participants drew fire from Soviet [[tank]]s.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

[[File:Der_Holzmarkt_in_der_Jenaer_Innenstadt.jpg|thumb|The "Holzmarkt" in the city centre]]
The following decades brought some radical shifts in city planning. During the 1960s, another part of the historic city centre was demolished to build the [[Jen Tower]]. The Eichplatz in front of the tower is still unbuilt and its future is still the subject of ongoing heated discussion. Big [[Plattenbau]] settlements were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, because the population was still rising and the housing shortage remained a perpetual problem. New districts established in the north (near Rautal) and in the south (around Winzerla and Lobeda). The opposition against the GDR government was reinforced during the late 1980s in Jena, fed by academic and clerical circles. In autumn 1989, the city saw the largest protests in its history before the GDR government was dissolved.

After 1990, Jena became part of the refounded state of [[Thuringia]]. Industry came into a heavy crisis during the 1990s, but finally it managed the transition to the [[market economy]] and today, it is one of the leading economic centres of eastern Germany. Furthermore, the university was enlarged and many new research institutes were founded.

Especially between 1995 and 1997 several far-right crimes were committed in Jena. The city's far-right scene of the 1990s gave rise to the [[National Socialist Underground]] (NSU) terror group. However, the city is no longer considered a far-right hotspot.