Editing James V (section)

== Personal rule ==
[[Pierre de Ronsard]] saw James in 1537 when the King was twenty-four and summed up his paradoxical appearance: "''La douceur et la force illustroient son visage Si que Venus et Mars en avoient fait partage''" – His royal bearing, and vigorous pursuit of virtue, of honour, and love's war, this sweetness and strength illuminate his face, as if he were the child of Venus and Mars.<ref name=Ross197/>

=== Religion ===
[[File:The Four Orders of Chivalry on the Fore Entrance to Linlithgow Palace.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|The four European orders of chivalry to which James V belonged — [[Order of the Garter|Garter]], [[Order of the Thistle|Thistle]], [[Order of the Golden Fleece|Golden Fleece]] and [[Order of Saint Michael|St Michael]] — on the outer gate he built at his birthplace, [[Linlithgow Palace]]]]

The first action James took as king was to remove Angus from the scene. The Douglas family — excluding James's half-sister [[Margaret Douglas|Margaret]], who was already safely in England, innocent of any crime against him (and thus safe from any revenge James took) — were forced into exile and James besieged their castle at [[Tantallon Castle|Tantallon]]. He then subdued the Border rebels and the chiefs of the [[Western Isles]]. As well as taking advice from his nobility and using the services of the Duke of Albany in France and at Rome, James had a team of professional lawyers and diplomats, including [[Adam Otterburn]] and [[Thomas Erskine of Haltoun]]. Even his pursemaster and yeoman of the wardrobe, [[John Tennent (courtier)|John Tennent]] of Listonschiels, was sent on an errand to England, though he got a frosty reception.<ref>Thomas, Andrea, ''Princelie Majestie'' (John Donald: Edinburgh, 2005), 12–15, 36: [[Athol Murray (historian)|Murray, Atholl]], 'Pursemaster's Accounts', ''Miscellany of the Scottish History Society'', vol. 10 (SHS: Edinburgh, 1965), pp. 13–51.</ref>

James increased his income by tightening control over royal estates and from the profits of justice, customs and feudal rights. He also gave his illegitimate sons lucrative benefices, diverting substantial church wealth into his coffers. James spent a large amount of his wealth on building up a [[Scottish royal tapestry collection|collection of tapestries]] from those inherited from his father.<ref>Dunbar, John G., ''Scottish Royal Palaces'' (Tuckwell: East Linton, 1999).</ref> James sailed to France for his first marriage and strengthened the [[Royal Scots Navy|royal fleet]]. In 1540, he sailed to [[Kirkwall]] in [[Orkney]], then [[Isle of Lewis|Lewis]], in his ship the ''[[Salamander of Leith|Salamander]]'', first making a will in [[Leith]], knowing this to be "uncertane aventuris." The purpose of this voyage was to show the royal presence and hold regional courts, called "justice ayres."<ref>''HMC Mar & Kellie'' (London, 1904), 15, Will 12 June 1540: Cameron, Jamie, ''James V'' (Tuckwell: East Linton, 1998), pp. 245–248.</ref>

Domestic and international policy was affected by the [[Reformation]], especially after Henry VIII broke from the [[Catholic Church]]. James V did not tolerate [[heresy]] and during his reign a number of outspoken [[Protestants]] were persecuted. The most famous of these was [[Patrick Hamilton (martyr)|Patrick Hamilton]], who was [[burned at the stake]] as a heretic at St Andrews in 1528. Later in the reign, the English ambassador [[Ralph Sadler]] tried to encourage James to close the monasteries and take their revenue so that he would not have to keep sheep like a mean subject. James replied that he had no sheep, he could depend on his god-father the king of France, and it was against reason to close the abbeys that "stand these many years, and God's service maintained and kept in the same, and I might have anything I require of them."<ref>Clifford, Arthur ed., ''Sadler State Papers'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1809), p. 30.</ref> Sadler knew that James did farm sheep on his estates.<ref>Athol Murray, 'Crown Lands', ''An Historical Atlas of Scotland'' (Scottish Medievalists, 1975), p. 73: After James's death, 600 sheep were given to [[James Douglas, 7th Baron Drumlanrig|James Douglas]] of [[Drumlanrig Castle|Drumlanrig]], ''HMC 15th Report: Duke of Buccleuch'' (London, 1897), p. 17.</ref>

James recovered money from the church by getting [[Pope Clement VII]] to allow him to tax monastic incomes.<ref>Cameron, Jamie, ''James V'' (Tuckwell, 1998), p. 260.</ref> He sent £50 to [[Johann Cochlaeus]], a German opponent of [[Martin Luther]], after receiving one of his books in 1534.<ref>''Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland'', vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1905), p. 236.</ref> On 19 January 1537, [[Pope Paul III]] sent James a [[blessed sword and hat]] symbolising his prayers that James would be strengthened against heresies from across the border.<ref>Hay, Denys, ed., ''Letters of James V'' ( (HMSO: Edinburgh, 1954), 328:[http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_024/24_018_048.pdf Reid, John J., 'The Scottish Regalia', ''PSAS'', 9 December (1889)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611145623/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_024/24_018_048.pdf |date=11 June 2007 }}, 28: this sword is lost.</ref> These gifts were delivered by the Pope's messenger while James was at [[Compiègne]] in France on 25 February 1537.<ref>''Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland'', vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 18.</ref>

According to 16th-century writers, his [[Treasurer of Scotland|treasurer]] [[James Kirkcaldy of Grange]] tried to persuade James against the persecution of Protestants and to meet Henry VIII at York.<ref>Steuart, A. Francis, ed., ''Memoirs of Sir [[James Melville of Halhill]]'' (Routledge, 1929), pp. 14–17.</ref> James and Henry corresponded about meeting in 1536. Pope Paul III advised James against travelling to England, and sent an envoy or [[nuncio]] to Scotland to discuss the initiative.<ref>Denys Hay, ''Letters of James V'' (Edinburgh, 1954), p. 320.</ref> Although Henry VIII sent his tapestries to York in September 1541 ahead of a meeting, James did not come. The lack of commitment to this meeting was regarded by English observers as a sign that Scotland was firmly allied to France and Catholicism, particularly by the influence of [[Cardinal Beaton]], Keeper of the [[Privy Seal]], and as a cause for war.<ref>Campbell, Thomas P., ''Henry VIII and the Art of Majesty, Tapestries at the Tudor Court'' (Yale, 2007), p. 261.</ref>

In 1540, Irish nobles and chiefs offered James the kingship of Ireland, as a further challenge to Henry VIII.<ref>[[Thomas D'Arcy McGee]] (1862), ''A Popular History of Ireland: from the Earliest Period to the Emancipation of the Catholics'', Book VII, Chapter III.</ref>

=== Building ===
[[File:Edinburgh (Dùn Èideann) 149.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The James V Tower at the [[Palace of Holyroodhouse]]]]
[[File:Falkland Palace South Range.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Façade of [[Falkland Palace]] in the French Renaissance style]]

James V spent a large amount of money (at least [[Pound Scots|£]]41,000) during his adult reign on extensively remodelling all the major residences and several minor ones, including the construction of new structures, with the most significant work focused on [[Falkland Palace]] and [[Stirling Castle]].<ref name="Dunbar27">Dunbar, John G., ''Scottish Royal Palaces'' (Tuckwell: East Linton, 1999), p. 27.</ref><ref>Thomas, Andrea, ''Princelie Majestie, the court of James V'' (John Donald: Edinburgh, 2005), p. 92.</ref> Early in his personal rule James began the construction of the present [[Gothic architecture|Late Gothic]] James V Tower at the north-west corner of the [[Palace of Holyroodhouse]], which provided new royal lodgings on the first and second floors, and a high degree of security. A new west front was also built.<ref>Dunbar, John G., ''Scottish Royal Palaces'' (Tuckwell: East Linton, 1999), p. 61.</ref><ref>Thomas, Andrea, ''Princelie Majestie, the court of James V'' (John Donald: Edinburgh, 2005), pp. 99–100.</ref> At [[Linlithgow Palace]], James closed off the original east entranceway and formed a new formal access from the south, including an inner gatehouse and an outer entrance gate decorated with the carved arms of the four chivalric orders of which James was a member: [[Order of the Garter|Garter]], [[Order of the Thistle|Thistle]], [[Order of the Golden Fleece|Golden Fleece]] and [[Order of Saint Michael|Saint Michael]]. The three-tiered octagonal King's Fountain topped by an [[imperial crown]] was built in 1538 as the centrepiece of the courtyard.<ref>Dunbar, John G., ''Scottish Royal Palaces'' (Tuckwell: East Linton, 1999), p. 18.</ref>

At Falkland Palace, James V extended his father's buildings in [[French Renaissance architecture|French Renaissance]] style between 1537 and 1541 and built a [[real tennis]] court in the garden in 1541.<ref>Henry Paton, ''Accounts of the Masters of Work'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1957), pp. 270, 275, 279–281.</ref> The court survives to this day and is the oldest in the [[United Kingdom]]. James also built a new Late Gothic entrance tower in the south range, and the courtyard facades of the east and south ranges that were built in 1537 and 1539 are the earliest examples of [[Renaissance architecture]] in the [[British Isles]].<ref name=Dunbar27/><ref>Thomas, Andrea, ''Princelie Majestie, the court of James V'' (John Donald: Edinburgh, 2005), p. 111.</ref> The largest of James V's building projects was the construction of the Royal Palace at Stirling Castle, built between 1538 and 1540, with its Renaissance facades and the north, east and south quarters housing the king's and queen's apartments. Work was also carried out at [[Tantallon Castle]], [[Blackness Castle]] and [[Hermitage Castle]].<ref>Thomas, Andrea, ''Princelie Majestie, the court of James V'' (John Donald: Edinburgh, 2005), p. 49.</ref>